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\refsection{0}
  \datalist[entry]{none/global//global/global}
    \entry{Geyer2017}{article}{}
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           family={Geyer},
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           given={Roland},
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        {{hash=949911241c5edc5e5f0ed108c34ee205}{%
           family={Jambeck},
           familyi={J\bibinitperiod},
           given={Jenna\bibnamedelima R},
           giveni={J\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim R\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=079891c5d6606d0364a55e31962a31a6}{%
           family={Law},
           familyi={L\bibinitperiod},
           given={Kara\bibnamedelima Lavender},
           giveni={K\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim L\bibinitperiod}}}%
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      \strng{bibnamehash}{958343a20e27c633679e95426d7c76cd}
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      \field{abstract}{Plastics have outgrown most man-made materials and have long been under environmental scrutiny. However, robust global information, particularly about their end-of-life fate, is lacking. By identifying and synthesizing dispersed data on production, use, and end-of-life management of polymer resins, synthetic fibers, and additives, we present the first global analysis of all mass-produced plastics ever manufactured. We estimate that 8300 million metric tons (Mt) as of virgin plastics have been produced to date. As of 2015, approximately 6300 Mt of plastic waste had been generated, around 9{\%} of which had been recycled, 12{\%} was incinerated, and 79{\%} was accumulated in landfills or the natural environment. If current production and waste management trends continue, roughly 12,000 Mt of plastic waste will be in landfills or in the natural environment by 2050.}
      \field{issn}{23752548}
      \field{journaltitle}{Science Advances}
      \field{number}{7}
      \field{title}{{Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made}}
      \field{volume}{3}
      \field{year}{2017}
      \field{pages}{1\bibrangedash 5}
      \range{pages}{5}
      \verb{doi}
      \verb 10.1126/sciadv.1700782
      \endverb
      \verb{file}
      \verb :C$\backslash$:/Users/langk/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Geyer, Jambeck, Law - 2017 - Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made.pdf:pdf
      \endverb
    \endentry
    \entry{Andrady2011}{article}{}
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        {Elsevier Ltd}%
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      \strng{namehash}{83767a414f2af7f4bbc9235fbd1bc993}
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      \strng{bibnamehash}{83767a414f2af7f4bbc9235fbd1bc993}
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      \field{abstract}{This review discusses the mechanisms of generation and potential impacts of microplastics in the ocean environment. Weathering degradation of plastics on the beaches results in their surface embrittlement and microcracking, yielding microparticles that are carried into water by wind or wave action. Unlike inorganic fines present in sea water, microplastics concentrate persistent organic pollutants (POPs) by partition. The relevant distribution coefficients for common POPs are several orders of magnitude in favour of the plastic medium. Consequently, the microparticles laden with high levels of POPs can be ingested by marine biota. Bioavailability and the efficiency of transfer of the ingested POPs across trophic levels are not known and the potential damage posed by these to the marine ecosystem has yet to be quantified and modelled. Given the increasing levels of plastic pollution of the oceans it is important to better understand the impact of microplastics in the ocean food web. {©} 2011 Elsevier Ltd.}
      \field{eprinttype}{arXiv}
      \field{issn}{0025326X}
      \field{journaltitle}{Marine Pollution Bulletin}
      \field{number}{8}
      \field{title}{{Microplastics in the marine environment}}
      \field{volume}{62}
      \field{year}{2011}
      \field{pages}{1596\bibrangedash 1605}
      \range{pages}{10}
      \verb{doi}
      \verb 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.05.030
      \endverb
      \verb{eprint}
      \verb arXiv:1011.1669v3
      \endverb
      \verb{file}
      \verb :C$\backslash$:/Users/langk/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Andrady - 2011 - Microplastics in the marine environment.pdf:pdf
      \endverb
      \keyw{Food web,Microplastics,Nanoplastics,POPs,Plastics}
    \endentry
    \entry{Thompson2004}{article}{}
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           given={Ylva},
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        {{hash=faea7997a92b580ff189d235892528c8}{%
           family={Mitchell},
           familyi={M\bibinitperiod},
           given={Richard\bibnamedelima P.},
           giveni={R\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim P\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=8f726a7237d8a7205240127104ae84b6}{%
           family={Davis},
           familyi={D\bibinitperiod},
           given={Anthony},
           giveni={A\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=fa9b92e472f89a01e0dc62f095628618}{%
           family={Rowland},
           familyi={R\bibinitperiod},
           given={Steven\bibnamedelima J.},
           giveni={S\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim J\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=39ac6db54a461a7714df13a71099d6f4}{%
           family={John},
           familyi={J\bibinitperiod},
           given={Anthony\bibnamedelima W.G.},
           giveni={A\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim W\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=fb944e4a93a980f8bc84bb85ac7233bd}{%
           family={McGonigle},
           familyi={M\bibinitperiod},
           given={Daniel},
           giveni={D\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=adec8e92c689f42a3cc82cd54fcc61b5}{%
           family={Russell},
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           given={Andrea\bibnamedelima E.},
           giveni={A\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim E\bibinitperiod}}}%
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      \strng{namehash}{ae59a3c0058cb3122e0ea2f9ab697114}
      \strng{fullhash}{e976d475d51b5b59b0782e981ec2ebe4}
      \strng{bibnamehash}{ae59a3c0058cb3122e0ea2f9ab697114}
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      \field{abstract}{To quantify the abundance of microplastics, we collected sediment from beaches and from estuarine and subtidal sediments around Plymouth, UK (Fig. 1B). Less dense particles were separated by flotation. Those that differed in appearance to natural particulate material (Fig. 1A) were removed and identified with Fourier Transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy 7). Some were of natural origin and others could not be identified, but about one third were synthetic polymers (Fig. 1C). These polymers were present in most samples (23 out of 30), but were significantly more abundant in subtidal sediment (Fig. 1D). Nine polymers were conclusively identified: acrylic, alkyd, poly (ethylene:propylene), polyamide (nylon), polyester, polyethylene, polymethylacrylate, polypropylene, and polyvinyl-alcohol. These have a wide range of uses, including clothing, packaging, and rope, suggesting that the fragments resulted from the breakdown of larger items.}
      \field{issn}{00368075}
      \field{journaltitle}{Science}
      \field{number}{5672}
      \field{title}{{Lost at Sea: Where Is All the Plastic?}}
      \field{volume}{304}
      \field{year}{2004}
      \field{pages}{838}
      \range{pages}{1}
      \verb{doi}
      \verb 10.1126/science.1094559
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    \endentry
    \entry{Jambeck2015}{article}{}
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           family={Jambeck},
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           given={Jenna\bibnamedelima R.},
           giveni={J\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim R\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=25c79470bb92d7ab42bcea501d23382d}{%
           family={Geyer},
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           given={Roland},
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        {{hash=fa5dc6564d5fbe1e970be61369d9bd5c}{%
           family={Wilcox},
           familyi={W\bibinitperiod},
           given={Chris},
           giveni={C\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=766d89693bcafc7e6ec2cf7e5c1f7c78}{%
           family={Siegler},
           familyi={S\bibinitperiod},
           given={Theodore\bibnamedelima R.},
           giveni={T\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim R\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=da65dbc00ca3e6ffed769fe980b91218}{%
           family={Perryman},
           familyi={P\bibinitperiod},
           given={Miriam},
           giveni={M\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=bb3247ce950df702fe5345e8ce91f497}{%
           family={Andrady},
           familyi={A\bibinitperiod},
           given={Anthony},
           giveni={A\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=760a060fae2ca5d2c65f3a8450c7ce81}{%
           family={Narayan},
           familyi={N\bibinitperiod},
           given={Ramani},
           giveni={R\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=079891c5d6606d0364a55e31962a31a6}{%
           family={Law},
           familyi={L\bibinitperiod},
           given={Kara\bibnamedelima Lavender},
           giveni={K\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim L\bibinitperiod}}}%
      }
      \strng{namehash}{28895ab3ef35917df81500136b73b8fe}
      \strng{fullhash}{2a54057fe2103b1b4228d9a96b6027a2}
      \strng{bibnamehash}{28895ab3ef35917df81500136b73b8fe}
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      \field{abstract}{Plastic debris in the marine environment is widely documented, but the quantity of plastic entering the ocean from waste generated on land is unknown. By linking worldwide data on solid waste, population density, and economic status, we estimated the mass of land-based plastic waste entering the ocean. We calculate that 275 million metric tons (MT) of plastic waste was generated in 192 coastal countries in 2010, with 4.8 to 12.7 million MT entering the ocean. Population size and the quality of waste management systems largely determine which countries contribute the greatest mass of uncaptured waste available to become plastic marine debris. Without waste management infrastructure improvements, the cumulative quantity of plastic waste available to enter the ocean from land is predicted to increase by an order of magnitude by 2025.}
      \field{eprinttype}{arXiv}
      \field{issn}{10959203}
      \field{journaltitle}{Science}
      \field{number}{6223}
      \field{title}{{Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean}}
      \field{volume}{347}
      \field{year}{2015}
      \field{pages}{768\bibrangedash 771}
      \range{pages}{4}
      \verb{doi}
      \verb 10.1126/science.1260352
      \endverb
      \verb{eprint}
      \verb arXiv:1011.1669v3
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      \verb{file}
      \verb :C$\backslash$:/Users/langk/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Jambeck et al. - 2015 - Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean.pdf:pdf
      \endverb
      \keyw{*Plastics,*Waste Products,*Water Pollutants,Chemical,Environmental Pollution/*statistics {\&} numerical da,Oceans and Seas,Seawater,Waste Management/*statistics {\&} numerical data}
    \endentry
    \entry{Carpenter1972}{article}{}
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        {{hash=64ded3b8fd99bce22d87e7bb2273ad39}{%
           family={Carpenter},
           familyi={C\bibinitperiod},
           given={Edward\bibnamedelima J},
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        {{hash=c575445d8e7b9667a2071438ab670404}{%
           family={Smith},
           familyi={S\bibinitperiod},
           given={K\bibnamedelima L},
           giveni={K\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim L\bibinitperiod}}}%
      }
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      \field{abstract}{Plastic particles, in concentrations averaging 3500 pieces and 290 grams per square kilometer, are widespread in the western Sargasso Sea. Pieces are brittle, apparently due to the weathering of the plasticizers, and many are in a pellet shape about 0.25 to 0.5 centimeters in diameter. The particles are surfaces for the attachment of diatoms and hydroids. Increasing production of plastics, combined with present waste-disposal practices, will undoubtedly lead to increases in the concentration of these particles. Plastics could be a source of some of the polychlorinated biphenyls recently observed in oceanic organisms.}
      \field{journaltitle}{Science}
      \field{number}{4027}
      \field{title}{{Plastics on the Sargasso Sea Surface}}
      \field{volume}{175}
      \field{year}{1972}
      \field{pages}{12401241}
      \range{pages}{1}
      \verb{doi}
      \verb 10.1126/science.175.4027.1240
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    \endentry
    \entry{Kooi2018}{incollection}{}
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        {{hash=3efd2fd4faa58d7e530935ccd8bd1ee6}{%
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        {{hash=8c3bbf2e9ae0f8533fbad67a6156f514}{%
           family={Kroeze},
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           given={Carolien},
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        {{hash=95652afce41f823127fffbba5a5074b4}{%
           family={Wenzel},
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           given={Annemarie\bibnamedelima P.},
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           prefix={van},
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        {{hash=0cd3f591bee6c224f94de1baa0849711}{%
           family={Koelmans},
           familyi={K\bibinitperiod},
           given={Albert\bibnamedelima A},
           giveni={A\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim A\bibinitperiod}}}%
      }
      \name{editor}{2}{}{%
        {{hash=8aeaf8a0d313a9a1a67eb58d7420478f}{%
           family={Wagner},
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        {{hash=edc937c083ec672b44500793340fd5b8}{%
           family={Lambert},
           familyi={L\bibinitperiod},
           given={S},
           giveni={S\bibinitperiod}}}%
      }
      \list{location}{1}{%
        {Cham, Switzerland}%
      }
      \list{publisher}{1}{%
        {Springer}%
      }
      \strng{namehash}{974ad1def45bd67dde11b73f433c7167}
      \strng{fullhash}{a19bfc0931824e15f8fc9821634d0938}
      \strng{bibnamehash}{974ad1def45bd67dde11b73f433c7167}
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      \field{abstract}{Contamination with plastic debris has been recognized as one of today's major environmental quality problems. Because most of the sources are land based, concerns are increasingly focused on the freshwater and terrestrial environment. Fate and transport models for plastic debris can complement information from measurements and will play an important role in the prospective risk assessment of plastic debris. We review the present knowledge with respect to fate and transport modeling of plastic debris in freshwater catchment areas, focusing especially on nano- and microplastics. Starting with a brief overview of theory and models for nonplastic particles, we discuss plastic-specific properties, processes, and existing mass-balance-, multimedia-, and spatiotemporally explicit fate models. We find that generally many theoretical and conceptual approaches from models developed earlier for other types of (low density) particles apply also to plastic debris. A unique feature of plastic debris, however, is its combination of high persistence, low density, and extremely wide size distribution, ranging from the nanometer to the {>}cm scale. This causes the system behavior of plastic debris to show a far wider variety than most other materials or chemicals. We provide recommendations for further development of these models and implications and guidance for how fate and transport models can be used in a framework for the tiered risk assessment of plastic debris. {©} The Author(s) 2018.}
      \field{booktitle}{Freshwater Microplastics}
      \field{issn}{1867979X}
      \field{title}{{Modeling the fate and transport of plastic debris in freshwaters: Review and Guidance}}
      \field{volume}{58}
      \field{year}{2018}
      \field{pages}{125\bibrangedash 152}
      \range{pages}{28}
      \verb{doi}
      \verb 10.1007/978-3-319-61615-5_7
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      \verb{file}
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      \endverb
      \keyw{Fate,Freshwater,Microplastics,Modeling,Nanoplastics}
    \endentry
    \entry{WWF2018}{report}{}
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        {{hash=865a4cc0acf46fbea7ad6ae42ac3de59}{%
           family={{Di Carlo}},
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           given={Guiseppe},
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      }
      \list{institution}{1}{%
        {World Wide Found For Nature (WWF)}%
      }
      \list{location}{1}{%
        {Rome, Italy}%
      }
      \strng{namehash}{3c65742fc113fd30c0d0d2f1a8a86e0c}
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      \field{title}{{Out of the Plastic Trap Saving the mediterranean from plastic pollution}}
      \field{type}{techreport}
      \field{year}{2018}
      \field{pages}{1\bibrangedash 28}
      \range{pages}{28}
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    \endentry
    \entry{Kuhn2015}{incollection}{}
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        {{hash=c5510a86f84ad0026aeb6b9c301b0bb8}{%
           family={{Van Franeker}},
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      \list{location}{1}{%
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        {Springer}%
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      \strng{authorbibnamehash}{86a905644d981ea606d5d70ef87028d9}
      \strng{authornamehash}{86a905644d981ea606d5d70ef87028d9}
      \strng{authorfullhash}{86a905644d981ea606d5d70ef87028d9}
      \strng{editorbibnamehash}{fa8ddf495c1db3efce4e066a23b9c592}
      \strng{editornamehash}{fa8ddf495c1db3efce4e066a23b9c592}
      \strng{editorfullhash}{fa8ddf495c1db3efce4e066a23b9c592}
      \field{sortinit}{1}
      \field{sortinithash}{2174f786c6195e7fe2ee1c229b416e29}
      \field{labelnamesource}{author}
      \field{labeltitlesource}{title}
      \field{abstract}{In this review we report new findings concerning interaction between marine debris and wildlife. Deleterious effects and consequences of entanglement, consumption and smothering are highlighted and discussed. The number of species known to have been affected by either entanglement or ingestion of plastic debris has doubled since 1997, from 267 to 557 species among all groups of wildlife. For marine turtles the number of affected species increased from 86 to 100 {\%} (now 7 of 7 species), for marine mammals from 43 to 66 {\%} (now 81 of 123 species) and for seabirds from 44 to 50 {\%} of species (now 203 of 406 species). Strong increases in records were also listed for fish and invertebrates, groups that were previously not considered in detail. In future records of interactions between marine debris and wildlife we recommend to focus on standardized data on frequency of occurrence and quantities of debris ingested. In combination with dedicated impact studies in the wild or experiments, this will allow more detailed assessments of the deleterious effects of marine debris on individuals and populations.}
      \field{booktitle}{Marine Anthropogenic Litter}
      \field{chapter}{4}
      \field{edition}{1}
      \field{isbn}{978-3-319-16510-3}
      \field{title}{{Deleterious Effects of Litter on Marine Life}}
      \field{year}{2015}
      \field{pages}{75\bibrangedash 116}
      \range{pages}{42}
      \verb{file}
      \verb :C$\backslash$:/Users/langk/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/K{\"{u}}hn, Rebolledo, Van Franeker - 2015 - Deleterious Effects of Litter on Marine Life.pdf:pdf
      \endverb
      \keyw{entanglement,harm,ingestion,marine debris,plastic litter}
    \endentry
    \entry{Auman1997}{article}{}
      \name{author}{4}{}{%
        {{hash=09d33ca4dfd54869a18933223f24a546}{%
           family={Auman},
           familyi={A\bibinitperiod},
           given={HJ},
           giveni={H\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=f13b938730eb109967c970ad14d35d97}{%
           family={Ludwig},
           familyi={L\bibinitperiod},
           given={JP},
           giveni={J\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=b0e6ce4db86b33dec368afd5585e2c9d}{%
           family={Giesy},
           familyi={G\bibinitperiod},
           given={JP},
           giveni={J\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=c63c0dfa492ea59711a8aaa2e9876503}{%
           family={Colborn},
           familyi={C\bibinitperiod},
           given={T},
           giveni={T\bibinitperiod}}}%
      }
      \strng{namehash}{958a63702b79d99c9b327040139c10ef}
      \strng{fullhash}{ad258f2ea705a2c314d4ee203f6f8c36}
      \strng{bibnamehash}{958a63702b79d99c9b327040139c10ef}
      \strng{authorbibnamehash}{958a63702b79d99c9b327040139c10ef}
      \strng{authornamehash}{958a63702b79d99c9b327040139c10ef}
      \strng{authorfullhash}{ad258f2ea705a2c314d4ee203f6f8c36}
      \field{sortinit}{1}
      \field{sortinithash}{2174f786c6195e7fe2ee1c229b416e29}
      \field{labelnamesource}{author}
      \field{labeltitlesource}{title}
      \field{abstract}{Laysan Albatross chicks from Midway Atoll, North Pacific Ocean, were assessed in 1994 and 1995 for impacts of plastic ingestion. Masses and incidence of plastic in chicks were compared between birds found dead of "natural causes" and those injured by motor vehicles. Naturally killed Laysan Albatross chicks had significantly greater masses of plastic in their proventriculi and gizzards and had significantly lighter body masses and lower fat indices than injured but otherwise healthy chicks. Ingested plastic probably does not cause significant direct mortality in Laysan Albatross chicks, but likely causes physiological stress as a result of satiation and mechanical blockages.}
      \field{isbn}{9780949324825}
      \field{journaltitle}{Albatross biology and Conservation}
      \field{title}{{Plastic ingestion by Laysan albatross chicks on Sand Island, Midway Atoll, in 1994 and 1995}}
      \field{volume}{1}
      \field{year}{1997}
      \field{pages}{239\bibrangedash 244}
      \range{pages}{6}
      \verb{file}
      \verb :C$\backslash$:/Users/langk/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Auman et al. - 1997 - Plastic ingestion by Laysan albatross chicks on Sand Island, Midway Atoll, in 1994 and 1995.pdf:pdf
      \endverb
      \keyw{1 midway atoll no,2,2 138 road 2,box 660099 limue h,canada n9y 2z6,kingsville,l 96766,laysan albatross,midway atoll,o,ontario,p,pacific ocean,physiological stress,plastic ingestion,west}
    \endentry
    \entry{Cole2015}{article}{}
      \name{author}{5}{}{%
        {{hash=17510fcf15bfee5eb2ef1a0f5102970c}{%
           family={Cole},
           familyi={C\bibinitperiod},
           given={Matthew},
           giveni={M\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=a1cd210a10409c25d440336740c6f760}{%
           family={Lindeque},
           familyi={L\bibinitperiod},
           given={Pennie},
           giveni={P\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=5ad9173feebe0a3e7ada4b92a33e39ce}{%
           family={Fileman},
           familyi={F\bibinitperiod},
           given={Elaine},
           giveni={E\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=336d6204c15965a769b2892dcaf42723}{%
           family={Halsband},
           familyi={H\bibinitperiod},
           given={Claudia},
           giveni={C\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=4c360c0d0ad232e7ec034beef585a624}{%
           family={Galloway},
           familyi={G\bibinitperiod},
           given={Tamara\bibnamedelima S.},
           giveni={T\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim S\bibinitperiod}}}%
      }
      \strng{namehash}{1b2d8ecade0b62d9753015c510692805}
      \strng{fullhash}{26ce0a16705138b5389508bc6520c9ef}
      \strng{bibnamehash}{1b2d8ecade0b62d9753015c510692805}
      \strng{authorbibnamehash}{1b2d8ecade0b62d9753015c510692805}
      \strng{authornamehash}{1b2d8ecade0b62d9753015c510692805}
      \strng{authorfullhash}{26ce0a16705138b5389508bc6520c9ef}
      \field{sortinit}{1}
      \field{sortinithash}{2174f786c6195e7fe2ee1c229b416e29}
      \field{labelnamesource}{author}
      \field{labeltitlesource}{title}
      \field{abstract}{Microscopic plastic debris, termed "microplastics", are of increasing environmental concern. Recent studies have demonstrated that a range of zooplankton, including copepods, can ingest microplastics. Copepods are a globally abundant class of zooplankton that form a key trophic link between primary producers and higher trophic marine organisms. Here we demonstrate that ingestion of microplastics can significantly alter the feeding capacity of the pelagic copepod Calanus helgolandicus. Exposed to 20 mu m polystyrene beads (75 microplastics mL(-1)) and cultured algae ([250 mu g C L-1) for 24 h, C. helgolandicus ingested 11{\%} fewer algal cells (P = 0.33) and 40{\%} less carbon biomass (P {<} 0.01). There was a net downward shift in the mean size of algal prey consumed (P {<} 0.001), with a 3.6 fold increase in ingestion rate for the smallest size class of algal prey (11.6-12.6 mu m), suggestive of postcapture or postingestion rejection. Prolonged exposure to polystyrene microplastics significantly decreased reproductive output, but there were no significant differences in egg production rates, respiration or survival. We constructed a conceptual energetic (carbon) budget showing that microplastic-exposed copepods suffer energetic depletion over time. We conclude that microplastics impede feeding in copepods, which over time could lead to sustained reductions in ingested carbon biomass.}
      \field{issn}{15205851}
      \field{journaltitle}{Environmental Science and Technology}
      \field{number}{2}
      \field{title}{{The impact of polystyrene microplastics on feeding, function and fecundity in the marine copepod Calanus helgolandicus}}
      \field{volume}{49}
      \field{year}{2015}
      \field{pages}{1130\bibrangedash 1137}
      \range{pages}{8}
      \verb{doi}
      \verb 10.1021/es504525u
      \endverb
      \verb{file}
      \verb :C$\backslash$:/Users/langk/Documents/Studium/Master/MA/Papers/plastic/effects/Cole 2015 - The Impact of Polystyrene Microplastics on Feeding, Function and.pdf:pdf
      \endverb
    \endentry
    \entry{Canniff2018}{article}{}
      \name{author}{2}{}{%
        {{hash=eac001a65bf6fbf451d8ec08491df22f}{%
           family={Canniff},
           familyi={C\bibinitperiod},
           given={Patrick\bibnamedelima M.},
           giveni={P\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim M\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=dcbe98a959f7175a7dd86fc45def13dc}{%
           family={Hoang},
           familyi={H\bibinitperiod},
           given={Tham\bibnamedelima C.},
           giveni={T\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim C\bibinitperiod}}}%
      }
      \list{publisher}{1}{%
        {Elsevier B.V.}%
      }
      \strng{namehash}{2e151f2f9c3f54f617f1f985b3a379c2}
      \strng{fullhash}{2e151f2f9c3f54f617f1f985b3a379c2}
      \strng{bibnamehash}{2e151f2f9c3f54f617f1f985b3a379c2}
      \strng{authorbibnamehash}{2e151f2f9c3f54f617f1f985b3a379c2}
      \strng{authornamehash}{2e151f2f9c3f54f617f1f985b3a379c2}
      \strng{authorfullhash}{2e151f2f9c3f54f617f1f985b3a379c2}
      \field{sortinit}{1}
      \field{sortinithash}{2174f786c6195e7fe2ee1c229b416e29}
      \field{labelnamesource}{author}
      \field{labeltitlesource}{title}
      \field{abstract}{The rapid increase in plastic use over the last few decades has resulted in plastic pollution in freshwater and marine ecosystems. However, more attention has been paid to plastic pollution in marine ecosystems than to freshwater ecosystems. This research determined microplastic ingestion by Daphnia magna and the potential effect of microplastics on the organism's survival and reproduction. The study also examined the potential of microplastics to enhance algal growth in support of understanding effects of microplastic ingestion on the organism. When exposed to 25, 50, and 100 mg/L fluorescent green polyethylene microbeads at size of 63–75 $\mu$m, D. magna ingested significant amount of plastic microbeads. The number of ingested beads increased with increasing particle concentration and exposure time. However, no significant effect on survival and reproduction was observed although the gut of D. magna was filled with plastic microbeads. In the algal experiment, Raphidocelis subcapitata grew more in the exposure media with the present of plastic microbeads than without plastic microbeads. This result suggests that plastic microbeads could serve as substrates for R. subcapitata to grow. Raphidocelis subcapitata then could be transferred to the organism's gut and provided energy for survival and reproduction. Results of the present study add to the literature of microplastic ingestion by aquatic organisms. Caution should be taken when interpreting hazards of microplastics based on ingestion, such as the measurement unit and the presence of algae in the environment.}
      \field{issn}{18791026}
      \field{journaltitle}{Science of the Total Environment}
      \field{title}{{Microplastic ingestion by Daphnia magna and its enhancement on algal growth}}
      \field{volume}{633}
      \field{year}{2018}
      \field{pages}{500\bibrangedash 507}
      \range{pages}{8}
      \verb{doi}
      \verb 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.176
      \endverb
      \verb{file}
      \verb :C$\backslash$:/Users/langk/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Canniff, Hoang - 2018 - Microplastic ingestion by Daphnia magna and its enhancement on algal growth.pdf:pdf
      \endverb
      \keyw{Daphnia magna,Fluorescent green polyethylene microbeads,Microplastic ingestion,Microplastics,Raphidocelis subcapitata,Selenastrum capricornutum}
    \endentry
    \entry{Besseling2014}{article}{}
      \name{author}{4}{}{%
        {{hash=3efd2fd4faa58d7e530935ccd8bd1ee6}{%
           family={Besseling},
           familyi={B\bibinitperiod},
           given={Ellen},
           giveni={E\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=2938deb5048323c6e1bfdd80975d5b28}{%
           family={Wang},
           familyi={W\bibinitperiod},
           given={Bo},
           giveni={B\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=990fa3c65d48f83d074b7780a1dc11cc}{%
           family={L{ü}rling},
           familyi={L\bibinitperiod},
           given={Miquel},
           giveni={M\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=f8172f9002e99af93554038fbb2f8ea5}{%
           family={Koelmans},
           familyi={K\bibinitperiod},
           given={Albert\bibnamedelima A.},
           giveni={A\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim A\bibinitperiod}}}%
      }
      \strng{namehash}{a46dc29e125f27852bec2d0b7e898e65}
      \strng{fullhash}{839cb948143e5edd86d8143a4b360260}
      \strng{bibnamehash}{a46dc29e125f27852bec2d0b7e898e65}
      \strng{authorbibnamehash}{a46dc29e125f27852bec2d0b7e898e65}
      \strng{authornamehash}{a46dc29e125f27852bec2d0b7e898e65}
      \strng{authorfullhash}{839cb948143e5edd86d8143a4b360260}
      \field{sortinit}{1}
      \field{sortinithash}{2174f786c6195e7fe2ee1c229b416e29}
      \field{labelnamesource}{author}
      \field{labeltitlesource}{title}
      \field{abstract}{The amount of nano- and microplastic in the aquatic environment rises due to the industrial production of plastic and the degradation of plastic into smaller particles. Concerns have been raised about their incorporation into food webs. Little is known about the fate and effects of nanoplastic, especially for the freshwater environment. In this study, effects of nano-polystyrene (nano-PS) on the growth and photosynthesis of the green alga Scenedesmus obliquus and the growth, mortality, neonate production, and malformations of the zooplankter Daphnia magna were assessed. Nano-PS reduced population growth and reduced chlorophyll concentrations in the algae. Exposed Daphnia showed a reduced body size and severe alterations in reproduction. Numbers and body size of neonates were lower, while the number of neonate malformations among neonates rose to 68{\%} of the individuals. These effects of nano-PS were observed between 0.22 and 103 mg nano-PS/L. Malformations occurred from 30 mg of nano-PS/L onward. Such plastic concentrations are much higher than presently reported for marine waters as well as freshwater, but may eventually occur in sediment pore waters. As far as we know, these results are the first to show that direct life history shifts in algae and Daphnia populations may occur as a result of exposure to nanoplastic.}
      \field{issn}{15205851}
      \field{journaltitle}{Environmental Science and Technology}
      \field{number}{20}
      \field{title}{{Nanoplastic affects growth of S. obliquus and reproduction of D. magna}}
      \field{volume}{48}
      \field{year}{2014}
      \field{pages}{12336\bibrangedash 12343}
      \range{pages}{8}
      \verb{doi}
      \verb 10.1021/es503001d
      \endverb
      \verb{file}
      \verb :C$\backslash$:/Users/langk/Documents/Studium/Master/MA/Papers/plastic/effects/Besseling 2014 - Nanoplastic Affects Growth of S. obliquus and Reproduction of D..pdf:pdf
      \endverb
    \endentry
    \entry{Brennecke2015}{article}{}
      \name{author}{6}{}{%
        {{hash=588508bb29dc0b649544d00a491ff0eb}{%
           family={Brennecke},
           familyi={B\bibinitperiod},
           given={Dennis},
           giveni={D\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=ed06b61913157ca70297b4751df0a2a5}{%
           family={Ferreira},
           familyi={F\bibinitperiod},
           given={Erica\bibnamedelima C.},
           giveni={E\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim C\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=ec6dc4a57af70dd517f9d34e560302d6}{%
           family={Costa},
           familyi={C\bibinitperiod},
           given={Tarso\bibnamedelima M.M.},
           giveni={T\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim M\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=770fb768b391e00dc1e0b76ad8d08485}{%
           family={Appel},
           familyi={A\bibinitperiod},
           given={Daniel},
           giveni={D\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=f5d4702c96212250736f070b921a3263}{%
           family={Gama},
           familyi={G\bibinitperiod},
           given={Bernardo\bibnamedelima A.P.},
           giveni={B\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim A\bibinitperiod},
           prefix={da},
           prefixi={d\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=0f92732c4a29417bd5f70e3cdd3461e0}{%
           family={Lenz},
           familyi={L\bibinitperiod},
           given={Mark},
           giveni={M\bibinitperiod}}}%
      }
      \list{publisher}{1}{%
        {Elsevier Ltd}%
      }
      \strng{namehash}{a83e6158dbc304a3b9972f51b2d36342}
      \strng{fullhash}{5efd042b1d5e847c4e9723599f8261a4}
      \strng{bibnamehash}{a83e6158dbc304a3b9972f51b2d36342}
      \strng{authorbibnamehash}{a83e6158dbc304a3b9972f51b2d36342}
      \strng{authornamehash}{a83e6158dbc304a3b9972f51b2d36342}
      \strng{authorfullhash}{5efd042b1d5e847c4e9723599f8261a4}
      \field{sortinit}{2}
      \field{sortinithash}{cbff857e587bcb4635511624d773949e}
      \field{labelnamesource}{author}
      \field{labeltitlesource}{title}
      \field{abstract}{Microplastics, which are accumulating in marine sediments, are assumed to pose a risk for deposit feeding invertebrates. We tested whether the fiddler crab Uca rapax ingests and retains microplastics in its body. Furthermore, we investigated whether retention rates depend on (a) the quality of the marine environment in which the plastics were pre-weathered and on (b) their abundance. For this, polystyrene pellets were submersed at a polluted and a pristine site near Niter{ó}i, Brazil, for 2. weeks. Then specimens of U. rapax were, in laboratory experiments, exposed to fragments (180-250. $\mu$m) derived from these pellets for 2. months. After this period, microplastics were observed in the gills, stomach and hepatopancreas of the animals. However, fragment retention was not influenced by the two factors that we manipulated. The presence of microplastics in different organs of the crab supports the assumption that these particles have the potential to harm marine invertebrates.}
      \field{issn}{18793363}
      \field{journaltitle}{Marine Pollution Bulletin}
      \field{number}{1-2}
      \field{title}{{Ingested microplastics are translocated to organs of the tropical fiddler crab Uca rapax}}
      \field{volume}{96}
      \field{year}{2015}
      \field{pages}{491\bibrangedash 495}
      \range{pages}{5}
      \verb{doi}
      \verb 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.05.001
      \endverb
      \verb{file}
      \verb :C$\backslash$:/Users/langk/Documents/Studium/Master/MA/Papers/plastic/effects/Brennecke 2015 - Ingested microplastics ({\%}3e100 lm) are translocated to organs.pdf:pdf
      \endverb
      \keyw{Deposit feeder,Hepatopancreas,Microplastics,Pollution,Polystyrene,Uca rapax}
    \endentry
    \entry{Martinez-Gomez2017}{article}{}
      \name{author}{5}{}{%
        {{hash=9e31ef75b511ef63d50a430210744e28}{%
           family={Mart{í}nez-G{ó}mez},
           familyi={M\bibinithyphendelim G\bibinitperiod},
           given={Concepci{ó}n},
           giveni={C\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=23cfb0459d4d85c871b0f5a0f0b699b8}{%
           family={Le{ó}n},
           familyi={L\bibinitperiod},
           given={V{í}ctor\bibnamedelima M.},
           giveni={V\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim M\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=2924c65509fe8df74d3d295b4227c360}{%
           family={Calles},
           familyi={C\bibinitperiod},
           given={Susana},
           giveni={S\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=a0e5c0ccd8fba0fdbf57ac318b257147}{%
           family={Gom{á}riz-Olcina},
           familyi={G\bibinithyphendelim O\bibinitperiod},
           given={Marina},
           giveni={M\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=958bbd7fc8b491576f1ff491e9e9ab07}{%
           family={Vethaak},
           familyi={V\bibinitperiod},
           given={A.\bibnamedelimi Dick},
           giveni={A\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim D\bibinitperiod}}}%
      }
      \strng{namehash}{10ef6ed8cee1ae06451244e9b1230911}
      \strng{fullhash}{d234f84585c32be3bfd6e58304bcf729}
      \strng{bibnamehash}{10ef6ed8cee1ae06451244e9b1230911}
      \strng{authorbibnamehash}{10ef6ed8cee1ae06451244e9b1230911}
      \strng{authornamehash}{10ef6ed8cee1ae06451244e9b1230911}
      \strng{authorfullhash}{d234f84585c32be3bfd6e58304bcf729}
      \field{sortinit}{2}
      \field{sortinithash}{cbff857e587bcb4635511624d773949e}
      \field{labelnamesource}{author}
      \field{labeltitlesource}{title}
      \field{issn}{18790291}
      \field{journaltitle}{Marine Environmental Research}
      \field{title}{{The adverse effects of virgin microplastics on the fertilization and larval development of sea urchins}}
      \field{volume}{130}
      \field{year}{2017}
      \field{pages}{69\bibrangedash 76}
      \range{pages}{8}
      \verb{doi}
      \verb 10.1016/j.marenvres.2017.06.016
      \endverb
      \verb{file}
      \verb :C$\backslash$:/Users/langk/Documents/Studium/Master/MA/Papers/plastic/effects/Martinez-Gomez 2017 - The adverse effects of virgin microplastics on the fertilization and larval development of sea urchins{\%}0aAuthor links open overlay panel.pdf:pdf
      \endverb
    \endentry
    \entry{Wright2013}{article}{}
      \name{author}{3}{}{%
        {{hash=a6e66d6748e7fc2d1dfda0a11250452f}{%
           family={Wright},
           familyi={W\bibinitperiod},
           given={Stephanie\bibnamedelima L.},
           giveni={S\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim L\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=d6a09805e90385cff21d512ee0aa9d68}{%
           family={Thompson},
           familyi={T\bibinitperiod},
           given={Richard\bibnamedelima C.},
           giveni={R\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim C\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=4c360c0d0ad232e7ec034beef585a624}{%
           family={Galloway},
           familyi={G\bibinitperiod},
           given={Tamara\bibnamedelima S.},
           giveni={T\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim S\bibinitperiod}}}%
      }
      \list{publisher}{1}{%
        {Elsevier Ltd}%
      }
      \strng{namehash}{40cd543a0f779d1cf4eb5054023506fe}
      \strng{fullhash}{40cd543a0f779d1cf4eb5054023506fe}
      \strng{bibnamehash}{40cd543a0f779d1cf4eb5054023506fe}
      \strng{authorbibnamehash}{40cd543a0f779d1cf4eb5054023506fe}
      \strng{authornamehash}{40cd543a0f779d1cf4eb5054023506fe}
      \strng{authorfullhash}{40cd543a0f779d1cf4eb5054023506fe}
      \field{sortinit}{2}
      \field{sortinithash}{cbff857e587bcb4635511624d773949e}
      \field{labelnamesource}{author}
      \field{labeltitlesource}{title}
      \field{abstract}{Plastic debris at the micro-, and potentially also the nano-scale, are widespread in the environment. Microplastics have accumulated in oceans and sediments worldwide in recent years, with maximum concentrations reaching 100??000 particles m3. Due to their small size, microplastics may be ingested by low trophic fauna, with uncertain consequences for the health of the organism. This review focuses on marine invertebrates and their susceptibility to the physical impacts of microplastic uptake. Some of the main points discussed are (1) an evaluation of the factors contributing to the bioavailability of microplastics including size and density; (2) an assessment of the relative susceptibility of different feeding guilds; (3) an overview of the factors most likely to influence the physical impacts of microplastics such as accumulation and translocation; and (4) the trophic transfer of microplastics. These findings are important in guiding future marine litter research and management strategies. ?? 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}
      \field{eprinttype}{arXiv}
      \field{issn}{02697491}
      \field{journaltitle}{Environmental Pollution}
      \field{title}{{The physical impacts of microplastics on marine organisms: A review}}
      \field{volume}{178}
      \field{year}{2013}
      \field{pages}{483\bibrangedash 492}
      \range{pages}{10}
      \verb{doi}
      \verb 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.02.031
      \endverb
      \verb{eprint}
      \verb 1512.00567
      \endverb
      \verb{file}
      \verb :C$\backslash$:/Users/langk/Documents/Studium/Master/MA/Papers/plastic/effects/Wright 2013 - The physical impacts of microplastics on marine organisms{\%}3a A review.pdf:pdf
      \endverb
    \endentry
    \entry{Reichert2017}{article}{}
      \name{author}{4}{}{%
        {{hash=74e5870241fc3ac21c487327133a39db}{%
           family={Reichert},
           familyi={R\bibinitperiod},
           given={Jessica},
           giveni={J\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=99b368c064eeedcc0bf1e445c7acd3d1}{%
           family={Schellenberg},
           familyi={S\bibinitperiod},
           given={Johannes},
           giveni={J\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=e993c651a16ec60ba2d59f32413cbd1f}{%
           family={Schubert},
           familyi={S\bibinitperiod},
           given={Patrick},
           giveni={P\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=093d1fc29d2e3355763d921161ade28a}{%
           family={Wilke},
           familyi={W\bibinitperiod},
           given={Thomas},
           giveni={T\bibinitperiod}}}%
      }
      \list{publisher}{1}{%
        {Elsevier Ltd}%
      }
      \strng{namehash}{4a3ffcc11765ed675831e83e725069e7}
      \strng{fullhash}{312d426e45db459f04df707ef3eb478e}
      \strng{bibnamehash}{4a3ffcc11765ed675831e83e725069e7}
      \strng{authorbibnamehash}{4a3ffcc11765ed675831e83e725069e7}
      \strng{authornamehash}{4a3ffcc11765ed675831e83e725069e7}
      \strng{authorfullhash}{312d426e45db459f04df707ef3eb478e}
      \field{sortinit}{2}
      \field{sortinithash}{cbff857e587bcb4635511624d773949e}
      \field{labelnamesource}{author}
      \field{labeltitlesource}{title}
      \field{abstract}{Pollution of marine environments with microplastic particles (i.e. plastic fragments {<}5 mm) has increased rapidly during the last decades. As these particles are mainly of terrestrial origin, coastal ecosystems such as coral reefs are particularly threatened. Recent studies revealed that microplastic ingestion can have adverse effects on marine invertebrates. However, little is known about its effects on small-polyp stony corals that are the main framework builders in coral reefs. The goal of this study is to characterise how different coral species I) respond to microplastic particles and whether the exposure might II) lead to health effects. Therefore, six small-polyp stony coral species belonging to the genera Acropora, Pocillopora, and Porites were exposed to microplastics (polyethylene, size 37-163 $\mu$m, concentration ca. 4000 particles L-1) over four weeks, and responses and effects on health were documented.The study showed that the corals responded differentially to microplastics. Cleaning mechanisms (direct interaction, mucus production) but also feeding interactions (i.e. interaction with mesenterial filaments, ingestion, and egestion) were observed. Additionally, passive contact through overgrowth was documented. In five of the six studied species, negative effects on health (i.e. bleaching and tissue necrosis) were reported.We here provide preliminary knowledge about coral-microplastic-interactions. The results call for further investigations of the effects of realistic microplastic concentrations on growth, reproduction, and survival of stony corals. This might lead to a better understanding of resilience capacities in coral reef ecosystems.}
      \field{issn}{18736424}
      \field{journaltitle}{Environmental Pollution}
      \field{title}{{Responses of reef building corals to microplastic exposure}}
      \field{volume}{237}
      \field{year}{2017}
      \field{pages}{955\bibrangedash 960}
      \range{pages}{6}
      \verb{doi}
      \verb 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.11.006
      \endverb
      \verb{file}
      \verb :C$\backslash$:/Users/langk/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Reichert et al. - 2017 - Responses of reef building corals to microplastic exposure.pdf:pdf
      \endverb
      \keyw{3D scanning,Coral bleaching,Microplastic,Small-polyp scleractinian corals,Tissue necrosis}
    \endentry
    \entry{Rochman2015}{incollection}{}
      \name{author}{1}{}{%
        {{hash=feb93cd0a1134e16f26566bb23a207f7}{%
           family={Rochman},
           familyi={R\bibinitperiod},
           given={Chelsea\bibnamedelima M.},
           giveni={C\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim M\bibinitperiod}}}%
      }
      \name{editor}{3}{}{%
        {{hash=5d7f9d62f1df8b3032028c49473b758c}{%
           family={Bergmann},
           familyi={B\bibinitperiod},
           given={M},
           giveni={M\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=c5213cc98614b328a6a876444a246197}{%
           family={Gutow},
           familyi={G\bibinitperiod},
           given={L},
           giveni={L\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=dd3c51c912ab296757d3df75b7d50da6}{%
           family={Klages},
           familyi={K\bibinitperiod},
           given={M},
           giveni={M\bibinitperiod}}}%
      }
      \list{location}{1}{%
        {Cham, Switzerland}%
      }
      \list{publisher}{1}{%
        {Springer}%
      }
      \strng{namehash}{feb93cd0a1134e16f26566bb23a207f7}
      \strng{fullhash}{feb93cd0a1134e16f26566bb23a207f7}
      \strng{bibnamehash}{feb93cd0a1134e16f26566bb23a207f7}
      \strng{authorbibnamehash}{feb93cd0a1134e16f26566bb23a207f7}
      \strng{authornamehash}{feb93cd0a1134e16f26566bb23a207f7}
      \strng{authorfullhash}{feb93cd0a1134e16f26566bb23a207f7}
      \strng{editorbibnamehash}{fa8ddf495c1db3efce4e066a23b9c592}
      \strng{editornamehash}{fa8ddf495c1db3efce4e066a23b9c592}
      \strng{editorfullhash}{fa8ddf495c1db3efce4e066a23b9c592}
      \field{sortinit}{2}
      \field{sortinithash}{cbff857e587bcb4635511624d773949e}
      \field{labelnamesource}{author}
      \field{labeltitlesource}{title}
      \field{booktitle}{Marine Anthropogenic Litter}
      \field{chapter}{5}
      \field{edition}{1}
      \field{isbn}{978-3-319-16510-3}
      \field{title}{{The Complex Mixture, Fate and Toxicity of Chemicals Associated with Plastic Debris in the Marine Environment}}
      \field{year}{2015}
      \field{pages}{117\bibrangedash 140}
      \range{pages}{24}
    \endentry
    \entry{Rochman2013}{article}{}
      \name{author}{10}{}{%
        {{hash=feb93cd0a1134e16f26566bb23a207f7}{%
           family={Rochman},
           familyi={R\bibinitperiod},
           given={Chelsea\bibnamedelima M.},
           giveni={C\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim M\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=90f3928082af0834cdb24d7dad865074}{%
           family={Browne},
           familyi={B\bibinitperiod},
           given={Mark\bibnamedelima Anthony},
           giveni={M\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim A\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=8684f3f8427f9c7999ea042543dc12af}{%
           family={Halpern},
           familyi={H\bibinitperiod},
           given={Benjamin\bibnamedelima S.},
           giveni={B\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim S\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=3172437651c6f2a4c7a19f74f502ec7f}{%
           family={Hentschel},
           familyi={H\bibinitperiod},
           given={Brian\bibnamedelima T.},
           giveni={B\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim T\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=64f5fd30bb6f26c4b924986a4f7cf1e5}{%
           family={Hoh},
           familyi={H\bibinitperiod},
           given={Eunha},
           giveni={E\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=8723a00045f8a91e3cb625b8b8791c19}{%
           family={Karapanagioti},
           familyi={K\bibinitperiod},
           given={Hrissi\bibnamedelima K.},
           giveni={H\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim K\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=85d78fcf5678ca88df2bfd8eacd4a603}{%
           family={Rios-Mendoza},
           familyi={R\bibinithyphendelim M\bibinitperiod},
           given={Lorena\bibnamedelima M.},
           giveni={L\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim M\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=b5e00fe28900b04ff004b18a66c13713}{%
           family={Takada},
           familyi={T\bibinitperiod},
           given={Hideshige},
           giveni={H\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=4e17b2541d57f6f6c4a76b410dbb0055}{%
           family={Teh},
           familyi={T\bibinitperiod},
           given={Swee},
           giveni={S\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=d6a09805e90385cff21d512ee0aa9d68}{%
           family={Thompson},
           familyi={T\bibinitperiod},
           given={Richard\bibnamedelima C.},
           giveni={R\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim C\bibinitperiod}}}%
      }
      \strng{namehash}{897df242bf2a0d7414b62ea6f7a5f130}
      \strng{fullhash}{4befd1f1a164aaa07ce32a98708cd7ae}
      \strng{bibnamehash}{897df242bf2a0d7414b62ea6f7a5f130}
      \strng{authorbibnamehash}{897df242bf2a0d7414b62ea6f7a5f130}
      \strng{authornamehash}{897df242bf2a0d7414b62ea6f7a5f130}
      \strng{authorfullhash}{4befd1f1a164aaa07ce32a98708cd7ae}
      \field{sortinit}{2}
      \field{sortinithash}{cbff857e587bcb4635511624d773949e}
      \field{labelnamesource}{author}
      \field{labeltitlesource}{title}
      \field{journaltitle}{Nature}
      \field{title}{{Classify plastic waste as hazardous}}
      \field{volume}{494}
      \field{year}{2013}
      \field{pages}{169\bibrangedash 171}
      \range{pages}{3}
      \verb{doi}
      \verb 10.1038/494169a
      \endverb
      \verb{file}
      \verb :C$\backslash$:/Users/langk/Documents/Studium/Master/MA/Papers/plastic/Rochman 2013 - Classify plastic waste as hazardous.pdf:pdf
      \endverb
    \endentry
    \entry{Prata2018}{article}{}
      \name{author}{4}{}{%
        {{hash=3da54ca1a0995053683c4efc92a376ce}{%
           family={Prata},
           familyi={P\bibinitperiod},
           given={Joana\bibnamedelima C.},
           giveni={J\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim C\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=b3b48ff6361e5477804edc04da792226}{%
           family={Lavorante},
           familyi={L\bibinitperiod},
           given={Beatriz\bibnamedelima R.B.O.},
           giveni={B\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim R\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=dc444b3b385c37ec15dca09d68c422f6}{%
           family={Maria\bibnamedelima da},
           familyi={M\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim d\bibinitperiod},
           given={Maria\bibnamedelimb da\bibnamedelima Concei{ç}{ã}o},
           giveni={M\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim d\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim C\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=1705068d9bbbdca6de8aa94b006757cc}{%
           family={Guilhermino},
           familyi={G\bibinitperiod},
           given={L{ú}cia},
           giveni={L\bibinitperiod}}}%
      }
      \list{publisher}{1}{%
        {Elsevier}%
      }
      \strng{namehash}{fdf78359b083e29afafb502ea2b248c5}
      \strng{fullhash}{c1681176fc30fec8eb7f83f62414a035}
      \strng{bibnamehash}{fdf78359b083e29afafb502ea2b248c5}
      \strng{authorbibnamehash}{fdf78359b083e29afafb502ea2b248c5}
      \strng{authornamehash}{fdf78359b083e29afafb502ea2b248c5}
      \strng{authorfullhash}{c1681176fc30fec8eb7f83f62414a035}
      \field{sortinit}{2}
      \field{sortinithash}{cbff857e587bcb4635511624d773949e}
      \field{labelnamesource}{author}
      \field{labeltitlesource}{title}
      \field{abstract}{Microplastics and pharmaceuticals are considered ubiquitous and emergent pollutants of high concern but the knowledge on their effects on primary producers is still limited, especially those caused by mixtures. Thus, the goal of the present study was to investigate if the presence of microplastics (1–5 $\mu$m diameter) influences the toxicity of the pharmaceuticals procainamide and doxycycline to the marine microalga Tetraselmis chuii. Bioassays (96 h) to investigate the toxicity of those substances individually and in mixtures (i.e. microplastics-procainamide mixtures and microplastics-doxycycline mixtures) were carried out. Effect criteria were the average specific growth rate (growth rate) and chlorophyll a concentration (chlorophyll). EC10, EC20and EC50were determined. Microplastics alone had no significant effects on growth rate up to 41.5 mg/l, whereas chlorophyll was significantly reduced at 0.9 and 2.1 mg/l of microplastics, but not at higher concentrations. The 96 h EC50(growth rate and chlorophyll, respectively) determined for the other bioassays were: 104 and 143 mg/l for procainamide alone; 125 and 31 mg/l for procainamide in the presence of microplastics; 22 and 14 mg/l for doxycycline alone; 11 and 7 mg/l for doxycycline in the presence of microplastics. Significant differences (p {<} 0.001) between the toxicity curves of each pharmaceutical alone and in mixture with microplastics were found for procainamide (chlorophyll), and doxycycline (both parameters). Thus, both pharmaceuticals were toxic to T. chuii in the low ppm range, and microplastics-pharmaceutical mixtures were more toxic than the pharmaceuticals alone. Very high decreases of doxycycline concentrations in test media were found, indicating degradation of the antibiotic. Thus, although the biological results are expressed in relation to doxycycline concentration, the effects were likely caused by a mixture of the parental compound and its degradation products. The concentrations of microplastics and pharmaceuticals tested (low ppm range) are higher than those expected to be found in waters of the most part of marine ecosystems (ppt or ppb ranges). However, considering the widespread contamination by microplastics and pharmaceuticals, the concentrations already found in waters, sediments and/or organism of heavily polluted areas, the long-term exposure (over generations) of wild populations to such substances in polluted ecosystems and the possibilities of bioaccumulation and toxicological interactions, these findings are of concern and further research on microplastics-pharmaceuticals toxicological interactions is needed.}
      \field{issn}{18791514}
      \field{journaltitle}{Aquatic Toxicology}
      \field{number}{February}
      \field{title}{{Influence of microplastics on the toxicity of the pharmaceuticals procainamide and doxycycline on the marine microalgae Tetraselmis chuii}}
      \field{volume}{197}
      \field{year}{2018}
      \field{pages}{143\bibrangedash 152}
      \range{pages}{10}
      \verb{doi}
      \verb 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.02.015
      \endverb
      \verb{file}
      \verb :C$\backslash$:/Users/langk/Documents/Studium/Master/MA/Papers/plastic/effects/Prata 2018 - Influence of microplastics on the toxicity of the pharmaceuticals procainamide and doxycycline on the marine microalgae Tetraselmis chuii.pdf:pdf
      \endverb
      \keyw{Antibiotic,Local anaesthetic,Microalgae,Microplastics,Mixture toxicity,Pharmaceuticals}
    \endentry
    \entry{Chen2018}{article}{}
      \name{author}{13}{}{%
        {{hash=7a547dedfa821049ef8ba71ca39ac3c8}{%
           family={Chen},
           familyi={C\bibinitperiod},
           given={Qiqing},
           giveni={Q\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=eb5b53963e4e2887e3f2800cd8c637aa}{%
           family={Reisser},
           familyi={R\bibinitperiod},
           given={Julia},
           giveni={J\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=8bff2956305a01a01499285dd6f6196d}{%
           family={Cunsolo},
           familyi={C\bibinitperiod},
           given={Serena},
           giveni={S\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=65a56b9ccfc4e90d5476051d3f4a5443}{%
           family={Kwadijk},
           familyi={K\bibinitperiod},
           given={Christiaan},
           giveni={C\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=24791272d40bbe30f64e338a35b37e86}{%
           family={Kotterman},
           familyi={K\bibinitperiod},
           given={Michiel},
           giveni={M\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=71d34d9175dee938ab599352626c6eaf}{%
           family={Proietti},
           familyi={P\bibinitperiod},
           given={Maira},
           giveni={M\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=077c2f72a8a6dbdcc160380b23a650d8}{%
           family={Slat},
           familyi={S\bibinitperiod},
           given={Boyan},
           giveni={B\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=52f1cd963ca98ac09ca7ba47340b82f3}{%
           family={Ferrari},
           familyi={F\bibinitperiod},
           given={Francesco\bibnamedelima F.},
           giveni={F\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim F\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=344f0e1db3a82656f47edd62f6120e2c}{%
           family={Schwarz},
           familyi={S\bibinitperiod},
           given={Anna},
           giveni={A\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=04b7572eec18604a6706aa24e1afaf23}{%
           family={Levivier},
           familyi={L\bibinitperiod},
           given={Aurore},
           giveni={A\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=4c478485620181c067c02c38b7cd2227}{%
           family={Yin},
           familyi={Y\bibinitperiod},
           given={Daqiang},
           giveni={D\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=6d207ddf8e2d0ca2a48aa12fe71f903c}{%
           family={Hollert},
           familyi={H\bibinitperiod},
           given={Henner},
           giveni={H\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=f8172f9002e99af93554038fbb2f8ea5}{%
           family={Koelmans},
           familyi={K\bibinitperiod},
           given={Albert\bibnamedelima A.},
           giveni={A\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim A\bibinitperiod}}}%
      }
      \strng{namehash}{d1f43d52b61779a194aec48e18e1ab11}
      \strng{fullhash}{b078195632c1df681f4f3c8bb4c59f58}
      \strng{bibnamehash}{d1f43d52b61779a194aec48e18e1ab11}
      \strng{authorbibnamehash}{d1f43d52b61779a194aec48e18e1ab11}
      \strng{authornamehash}{d1f43d52b61779a194aec48e18e1ab11}
      \strng{authorfullhash}{b078195632c1df681f4f3c8bb4c59f58}
      \field{sortinit}{2}
      \field{sortinithash}{cbff857e587bcb4635511624d773949e}
      \field{labelnamesource}{author}
      \field{labeltitlesource}{title}
      \field{abstract}{Here we report concentrations of pollutants in floating plastics from the North Pacific accumulation zone (NPAC). We compared chemical concentrations in plastics of different types and sizes, assessed ocean plastic potential risks using sediment quality criteria, and discussed the implications of our findings for bioaccumulation. Our results suggest that at least a fraction of the NPAC plastics is not in equilibrium with the surrounding seawater. For instance, “hard plastic” samples had significantly higher PBDE concentrations than “nets and ropes” samples, and 29{\%} of them had PBDE composition similar to a widely used flame-retardant mixture. Our findings indicate that NPAC plastics may pose a chemical risk to organisms as 84{\%} of the samples had at least one chemical exceeding sediment threshold effect levels. Furthermore, our surface trawls collected more plastic than biomass (180 times on average), indicating that some NPAC organisms feeding upon floating particles may have plastic as a major component of their diets. If gradients for pollutant transfer from NPAC plastic to predators exist (as indicated by our fugacity ratio calculations), plastics may play a role in transferring chemicals to certain marine organisms}
      \field{issn}{15205851}
      \field{journaltitle}{Environmental Science and Technology}
      \field{number}{2}
      \field{title}{{Pollutants in Plastics within the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre}}
      \field{volume}{52}
      \field{year}{2018}
      \field{pages}{446\bibrangedash 456}
      \range{pages}{11}
      \verb{doi}
      \verb 10.1021/acs.est.7b04682
      \endverb
      \verb{file}
      \verb :C$\backslash$:/Users/langk/Documents/Studium/Master/MA/Papers/plastic/effects/Chen 2017 - Pollutants in Plastics within the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre.pdf:pdf
      \endverb
    \endentry
    \entry{Gallo2018}{article}{}
      \name{author}{8}{}{%
        {{hash=8a7c972e3314f6f1fed4318e9fdee71a}{%
           family={Gallo},
           familyi={G\bibinitperiod},
           given={Frederic},
           giveni={F\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=21cb5923bd8c2834b37f35ab8f59ae3b}{%
           family={Fossi},
           familyi={F\bibinitperiod},
           given={Cristina},
           giveni={C\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=93ac89e74a889527614c67cef217a775}{%
           family={Weber},
           familyi={W\bibinitperiod},
           given={Roland},
           giveni={R\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=ca8bb21b2c0c0550cf8c98bc17fc3da9}{%
           family={Santillo},
           familyi={S\bibinitperiod},
           given={David},
           giveni={D\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=6069115beb2c8c8533c02fa5b50337d5}{%
           family={Sousa},
           familyi={S\bibinitperiod},
           given={Joao},
           giveni={J\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=ae208552d417ec9a698cec4466d7e4ec}{%
           family={Ingram},
           familyi={I\bibinitperiod},
           given={Imogen},
           giveni={I\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=7d466e3e773f8b3b52c77d850f1853e8}{%
           family={Nadal},
           familyi={N\bibinitperiod},
           given={Angel},
           giveni={A\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=c3308659265bf02d6f67a37936a42d82}{%
           family={Romano},
           familyi={R\bibinitperiod},
           given={Dolores},
           giveni={D\bibinitperiod}}}%
      }
      \list{publisher}{1}{%
        {Springer Berlin Heidelberg}%
      }
      \strng{namehash}{6c371e07017d1f735fcde2e79f8c854b}
      \strng{fullhash}{fc2e1f0a71b02a173578fd182306c279}
      \strng{bibnamehash}{6c371e07017d1f735fcde2e79f8c854b}
      \strng{authorbibnamehash}{6c371e07017d1f735fcde2e79f8c854b}
      \strng{authornamehash}{6c371e07017d1f735fcde2e79f8c854b}
      \strng{authorfullhash}{fc2e1f0a71b02a173578fd182306c279}
      \field{sortinit}{2}
      \field{sortinithash}{cbff857e587bcb4635511624d773949e}
      \field{labelnamesource}{author}
      \field{labeltitlesource}{title}
      \field{abstract}{Persistent plastics, with an estimated lifetime for degradation of hundreds of years in marine conditions, can break up into micro- and nanoplastics over shorter timescales, thus facilitating their uptake by marine biota throughout the food chain. These polymers may contain chemical additives and contaminants, including some known endocrine disruptors that may be harmful at extremely low concentrations for marine biota, thus posing potential risks to marine ecosystems, biodiversity and food availability. Although there is still need to carry out focused scientific research to fill the knowledge gaps about the impacts of plastic litter in the marine environment (Wagner et al. in Environ Sci Eur 26:9, 2014), the food chain and human health, existing scientific evidence and concerns are already sufficient to support actions by the scientific, industry, policy and civil society communities to curb the ongoing flow of plastics and the toxic chemicals they contain into the marine environment. Without immediate strong preventive measures, the environmental impacts and the economic costs are set only to become worse, even in the short term. Continued increases in plastic production and consumption, combined with wasteful uses, inefficient waste collection infrastructures and insufficient waste management facilities, especially in developing countries, mean that even achieving already established objectives for reductions in marine litter remains a huge challenge, and one unlikely to be met without a fundamental rethink of the ways in which we consume plastics. This document was prepared by a working group of Regional Centres of the Stockholm and Basel Conventions and related colleagues intended to be a background document for discussion in the 2017 Conference of the Parties (COP) of the Basel Convention on hazardous wastes and the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants (POPs). The COP finally approved that the issue of plastic waste could be dealt by its Regional Centres and consistently report their activities on the matter to next COP's meetings.}
      \field{issn}{21904715}
      \field{journaltitle}{Environmental Sciences Europe}
      \field{number}{13}
      \field{title}{{Marine litter plastics and microplastics and their toxic chemicals components: the need for urgent preventive measures}}
      \field{volume}{30}
      \field{year}{2018}
      \verb{doi}
      \verb 10.1186/s12302-018-0139-z
      \endverb
      \verb{file}
      \verb :C$\backslash$:/Users/langk/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Gallo et al. - 2018 - Marine litter plastics and microplastics and their toxic chemicals components the need for urgent preventive measu.pdf:pdf
      \endverb
      \verb{urlraw}
      \verb https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-018-0139-z
      \endverb
      \verb{url}
      \verb https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-018-0139-z
      \endverb
      \keyw{Basel Convention,Endocrine disruptors,Food security,Marine biodiversity,Microplastics,Nanoplastics,Persistent organic pollutants,Plastic waste,Prevention measures,Stockholm Convention}
    \endentry
    \entry{Koelmans2016}{article}{}
      \name{author}{4}{}{%
        {{hash=f8172f9002e99af93554038fbb2f8ea5}{%
           family={Koelmans},
           familyi={K\bibinitperiod},
           given={Albert\bibnamedelima A.},
           giveni={A\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim A\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=19df4623cbffe9df244db7a39788a64b}{%
           family={Bakir},
           familyi={B\bibinitperiod},
           given={Adil},
           giveni={A\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=3b2fb4ac032769b11618cf3c60d9ec66}{%
           family={Burton},
           familyi={B\bibinitperiod},
           given={G.\bibnamedelimi Allen},
           giveni={G\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim A\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=860a4f7f1e40edbc681709d51db7b0bf}{%
           family={Janssen},
           familyi={J\bibinitperiod},
           given={Colin\bibnamedelima R.},
           giveni={C\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim R\bibinitperiod}}}%
      }
      \strng{namehash}{43b2fa9f6ed2f229607fde1d6bde58ac}
      \strng{fullhash}{416f056be3ee1c262c43a495ee7c4f5b}
      \strng{bibnamehash}{43b2fa9f6ed2f229607fde1d6bde58ac}
      \strng{authorbibnamehash}{43b2fa9f6ed2f229607fde1d6bde58ac}
      \strng{authornamehash}{43b2fa9f6ed2f229607fde1d6bde58ac}
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      \field{sortinit}{3}
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      \field{labelnamesource}{author}
      \field{labeltitlesource}{title}
      \field{abstract}{The hypothesis that 'microplastic will transfer hazardous hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOC) to marine animals' has been central to the perceived hazard and risk of plastic in the marine environment. The hypothesis is often cited and has gained momentum, turning it into paradigm status. We provide a critical evaluation of the scientific literature regarding this hypothesis. Using new calculations based on published studies, we explain the sometimes contrasting views and unify them in one interpretive framework. One explanation for the contrasting views among studies is that they test different hypotheses. When reframed in the context of the above hypothesis, the available data become consistent. We show that HOC microplastic-water partitioning can be assumed to be at equilibrium for most microplastic residing in the oceans. We calculate the fraction of total HOC sorbed by plastics to be small compared to that sorbed by other media in the ocean. We further demonstrate consistency among (a) measured HOC transfer from microplastic to organisms in the laboratory, (b) measured HOC desorption rates for polymers in artificial gut fluids (c) simulations by plastic-inclusive bioaccumulation models and (d) HOC desorption rates for polymers inferred from first principles. We conclude that overall the flux of HOCs bioaccumulated from natural prey overwhelms the flux from ingested microplastic for most habitats, which implies that microplastic ingestion is not likely to increase the exposure to and thus risks of HOCs in the marine environment.}
      \field{issn}{15205851}
      \field{journaltitle}{Environmental Science and Technology}
      \field{number}{7}
      \field{title}{{Microplastic as a Vector for Chemicals in the Aquatic Environment: Critical Review and Model-Supported Reinterpretation of Empirical Studies}}
      \field{volume}{50}
      \field{year}{2016}
      \field{pages}{3315\bibrangedash 3326}
      \range{pages}{12}
      \verb{doi}
      \verb 10.1021/acs.est.5b06069
      \endverb
      \verb{file}
      \verb :C$\backslash$:/Users/langk/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Koelmans et al. - 2016 - Microplastic as a Vector for Chemicals in the Aquatic Environment Critical Review and Model-Supported Reinterpr.pdf:pdf
      \endverb
    \endentry
    \entry{EuropeanComission2018}{misc}{}
      \name{author}{1}{}{%
        {{hash=e79a27de0c0ee9f8fa4d55bcb2db3a77}{%
           family={{European Comission}},
           familyi={E\bibinitperiod}}}%
      }
      \list{location}{1}{%
        {Brussels, Belgium}%
      }
      \list{publisher}{1}{%
        {European Comission}%
      }
      \strng{namehash}{e79a27de0c0ee9f8fa4d55bcb2db3a77}
      \strng{fullhash}{e79a27de0c0ee9f8fa4d55bcb2db3a77}
      \strng{bibnamehash}{e79a27de0c0ee9f8fa4d55bcb2db3a77}
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      \strng{authornamehash}{e79a27de0c0ee9f8fa4d55bcb2db3a77}
      \strng{authorfullhash}{e79a27de0c0ee9f8fa4d55bcb2db3a77}
      \field{sortinit}{3}
      \field{sortinithash}{a4b52e5432884761f50fb9571273b93e}
      \field{labelnamesource}{author}
      \field{labeltitlesource}{title}
      \field{abstract}{With the amount of harmful plastic litter in oceans and seas growing ever greater, the European Commission is proposing new EU-wide rules to target the 10 single-use plastic products most often found on Europe's beaches and seas, as well as lost and abandoned fishing gear.}
      \field{title}{{Single-use plastics : New EU rules to reduce marine litter}}
      \field{year}{2018}
      \field{pages}{1\bibrangedash 3}
      \range{pages}{3}
      \verb{file}
      \verb :C$\backslash$:/Users/langk/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/European Comission - 2018 - Single-use plastics New EU rules to reduce marine litter.pdf:pdf
      \endverb
    \endentry
    \entry{Wakhungu2017}{misc}{}
      \name{author}{1}{}{%
        {{hash=b65f0d63d287c3187136819c49958c95}{%
           family={Wakhungu},
           familyi={W\bibinitperiod},
           given={Judi\bibnamedelima W.},
           giveni={J\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim W\bibinitperiod}}}%
      }
      \list{location}{1}{%
        {Nairobi, Kenya}%
      }
      \list{publisher}{2}{%
        {Environment}%
        {Natural Resources}%
      }
      \strng{namehash}{b65f0d63d287c3187136819c49958c95}
      \strng{fullhash}{b65f0d63d287c3187136819c49958c95}
      \strng{bibnamehash}{b65f0d63d287c3187136819c49958c95}
      \strng{authorbibnamehash}{b65f0d63d287c3187136819c49958c95}
      \strng{authornamehash}{b65f0d63d287c3187136819c49958c95}
      \strng{authorfullhash}{b65f0d63d287c3187136819c49958c95}
      \field{sortinit}{3}
      \field{sortinithash}{a4b52e5432884761f50fb9571273b93e}
      \field{labelnamesource}{author}
      \field{labeltitlesource}{title}
      \field{title}{{The Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act Cap. 387}}
      \field{year}{2017}
      \field{pages}{1077}
      \range{pages}{1}
    \endentry
    \entry{Cozar2014}{article}{}
      \name{author}{12}{}{%
        {{hash=27c845d23204f93858ad59938622eb7b}{%
           family={Cozar},
           familyi={C\bibinitperiod},
           given={A.},
           giveni={A\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=3c2713e7e430a74a01821c2186aefb43}{%
           family={Echevarria},
           familyi={E\bibinitperiod},
           given={F.},
           giveni={F\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=0cfc7a1cd3c040ac07118f9127745a65}{%
           family={Gonzalez-Gordillo},
           familyi={G\bibinithyphendelim G\bibinitperiod},
           given={J.\bibnamedelimi I.},
           giveni={J\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim I\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=3c77bb5690733df048e7aad3c648f37a}{%
           family={Irigoien},
           familyi={I\bibinitperiod},
           given={X.},
           giveni={X\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=1bfdc3497f5c451f94956d8a9deeeb36}{%
           family={Ubeda},
           familyi={U\bibinitperiod},
           given={B.},
           giveni={B\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=2dbd3996d78d218ac94c0797f09b7ed0}{%
           family={Hernandez-Leon},
           familyi={H\bibinithyphendelim L\bibinitperiod},
           given={S.},
           giveni={S\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=23ba3320a874a7a19fc40809f5f73cc9}{%
           family={Palma},
           familyi={P\bibinitperiod},
           given={A.\bibnamedelimi T.},
           giveni={A\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim T\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=05c21e8975f4a99ae7d8b6d45e87ebcd}{%
           family={Navarro},
           familyi={N\bibinitperiod},
           given={S.},
           giveni={S\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=94a75d5b72deaf32539d9dc3568a2503}{%
           family={Garcia-de-Lomas},
           familyi={G\bibinithyphendelim L\bibinitperiod},
           given={J.},
           giveni={J\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=fdecbf526d47b9c5789ef5ab1c32ef95}{%
           family={Ruiz},
           familyi={R\bibinitperiod},
           given={A.},
           giveni={A\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=c0649d4d30b995d9f8eaa0ed210cd120}{%
           family={Fernandez-de-Puelles},
           familyi={F\bibinithyphendelim P\bibinitperiod},
           given={M.\bibnamedelimi L.},
           giveni={M\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim L\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=0a771ef7a24b3e4497a2c80608ca59ef}{%
           family={Duarte},
           familyi={D\bibinitperiod},
           given={C.\bibnamedelimi M.},
           giveni={C\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim M\bibinitperiod}}}%
      }
      \strng{namehash}{1ebac8265fa41086058d8623ccc769d6}
      \strng{fullhash}{49692eb9dfdf80ccff597c45856c03cb}
      \strng{bibnamehash}{1ebac8265fa41086058d8623ccc769d6}
      \strng{authorbibnamehash}{1ebac8265fa41086058d8623ccc769d6}
      \strng{authornamehash}{1ebac8265fa41086058d8623ccc769d6}
      \strng{authorfullhash}{49692eb9dfdf80ccff597c45856c03cb}
      \field{sortinit}{3}
      \field{sortinithash}{a4b52e5432884761f50fb9571273b93e}
      \field{labelnamesource}{author}
      \field{labeltitlesource}{title}
      \field{abstract}{There is a rising concern regarding the accumulation of floating plastic debris in the open ocean. However, the magnitude and the fate of this pollution are still open questions. Using data from the Malaspina 2010 circumnavigation, regional surveys, and previously published reports, we show a worldwide distribution of plastic on the surface of the open ocean, mostly accumulating in the convergence zones of each of the five subtropical gyres with comparable density. However, the global load of plastic on the open ocean surface was estimated to be on the order of tens of thousands of tons, far less than expected. Our observations of the size distribution of floating plastic debris point at important size-selective sinks removing millimeter-sized fragments of floating plastic on a large scale. This sink may involve a combination of fast nano-fragmentation of the microplastic into particles of microns or smaller, their transference to the ocean interior by food webs and ballasting processes, and processes yet to be discovered. Resolving the fate of the missing plastic debris is of fundamental importance to determine the nature and significance of the impacts of plastic pollution in the ocean.}
      \field{issn}{0027-8424}
      \field{journaltitle}{PNAS}
      \field{number}{28}
      \field{title}{{Plastic debris in the open ocean}}
      \field{volume}{111}
      \field{year}{2014}
      \field{pages}{10239\bibrangedash 10244}
      \range{pages}{6}
      \verb{doi}
      \verb 10.1073/pnas.1314705111
      \endverb
      \verb{file}
      \verb :C$\backslash$:/Users/langk/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Cozar et al. - 2014 - Plastic debris in the open ocean.pdf:pdf
      \endverb
    \endentry
    \entry{Kiessling2015}{incollection}{}
      \name{author}{3}{}{%
        {{hash=879e176c2cbd59ac4bcef347e84b175a}{%
           family={Kiessling},
           familyi={K\bibinitperiod},
           given={Tim},
           giveni={T\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=899fb5234a1bf1c6773bc20a6d66d1f1}{%
           family={Gutow},
           familyi={G\bibinitperiod},
           given={Lars},
           giveni={L\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=52c54a8f83674be311ab0e53b3bbff0d}{%
           family={Thiel},
           familyi={T\bibinitperiod},
           given={Martin},
           giveni={M\bibinitperiod}}}%
      }
      \name{editor}{3}{}{%
        {{hash=cc599dc12fc5b4608b6a770db2292475}{%
           family={Bergmann},
           familyi={B\bibinitperiod},
           given={Melanie},
           giveni={M\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=899fb5234a1bf1c6773bc20a6d66d1f1}{%
           family={Gutow},
           familyi={G\bibinitperiod},
           given={Lars},
           giveni={L\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=38b1a253b38d48e9ffe39c62a83a6b72}{%
           family={Klages},
           familyi={K\bibinitperiod},
           given={Michael},
           giveni={M\bibinitperiod}}}%
      }
      \list{location}{1}{%
        {Cham, Switzerland}%
      }
      \list{publisher}{1}{%
        {Springer}%
      }
      \strng{namehash}{6ebdb5467daaa08a8fb89fd55f383b23}
      \strng{fullhash}{6ebdb5467daaa08a8fb89fd55f383b23}
      \strng{bibnamehash}{6ebdb5467daaa08a8fb89fd55f383b23}
      \strng{authorbibnamehash}{6ebdb5467daaa08a8fb89fd55f383b23}
      \strng{authornamehash}{6ebdb5467daaa08a8fb89fd55f383b23}
      \strng{authorfullhash}{6ebdb5467daaa08a8fb89fd55f383b23}
      \strng{editorbibnamehash}{699ebace79d0fbf7f0e78e72137216f4}
      \strng{editornamehash}{699ebace79d0fbf7f0e78e72137216f4}
      \strng{editorfullhash}{699ebace79d0fbf7f0e78e72137216f4}
      \field{sortinit}{3}
      \field{sortinithash}{a4b52e5432884761f50fb9571273b93e}
      \field{labelnamesource}{author}
      \field{labeltitlesource}{title}
      \field{abstract}{Floating anthropogenic litter provides habitat for a diverse community of marine organisms. A total of 387 taxa, including pro- and eukaryotic micro-organisms, seaweeds and invertebrates, have been found rafting on floating litter in all major oceanic regions. Among the invertebrates, species of bryozoans, crustaceans, molluscs and cnidarians are most frequently reported as rafters on marine litter. Micro-organisms are also ubiquitous on marine litter although the composition of the microbial community seems to depend on specific substratum characteristics such as the polymer type of floating plastic items. Sessile suspension feeders are particularly well-adapted to the limited autochthonous food resources on artificial floating substrata and an extended planktonic larval development seems to facilitate colonization of floating litter at sea. Properties of floating litter, such as size and surface rugosity, are crucial for colonization by marine organisms and the subsequent succession of the rafting community. The rafters themselves affect substratum characteristics such as floating stability, buoyancy, and degradation. Under the influence of currents and winds marine litter can transport associated organisms over extensive distances. Because of the great persistence (especially of plastics) and the vast quantities of litter in the world's oceans, rafting dispersal has become more prevalent in the marine environment, potentially facilitating the spread of invasive species.}
      \field{booktitle}{Marine Anthropogenic Litter}
      \field{chapter}{6}
      \field{edition}{1}
      \field{isbn}{978-3-319-16510-3}
      \field{title}{{Marine Litter as Habitat and Dispersal Vector}}
      \field{year}{2015}
      \field{pages}{141\bibrangedash 181}
      \range{pages}{41}
    \endentry
    \entry{Thompson2015}{incollection}{}
      \name{author}{1}{}{%
        {{hash=5ddd3c9a94be989d37e87c11fb8a352e}{%
           family={Thompson},
           familyi={T\bibinitperiod},
           given={Richard\bibnamedelima C},
           giveni={R\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim C\bibinitperiod}}}%
      }
      \name{editor}{3}{}{%
        {{hash=5d7f9d62f1df8b3032028c49473b758c}{%
           family={Bergmann},
           familyi={B\bibinitperiod},
           given={M},
           giveni={M\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=c5213cc98614b328a6a876444a246197}{%
           family={Gutow},
           familyi={G\bibinitperiod},
           given={L},
           giveni={L\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=dd3c51c912ab296757d3df75b7d50da6}{%
           family={Klages},
           familyi={K\bibinitperiod},
           given={M},
           giveni={M\bibinitperiod}}}%
      }
      \list{location}{1}{%
        {Cham, Switzerland}%
      }
      \list{publisher}{1}{%
        {Springer}%
      }
      \strng{namehash}{5ddd3c9a94be989d37e87c11fb8a352e}
      \strng{fullhash}{5ddd3c9a94be989d37e87c11fb8a352e}
      \strng{bibnamehash}{5ddd3c9a94be989d37e87c11fb8a352e}
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      \strng{authorfullhash}{5ddd3c9a94be989d37e87c11fb8a352e}
      \strng{editorbibnamehash}{fa8ddf495c1db3efce4e066a23b9c592}
      \strng{editornamehash}{fa8ddf495c1db3efce4e066a23b9c592}
      \strng{editorfullhash}{fa8ddf495c1db3efce4e066a23b9c592}
      \field{sortinit}{3}
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      \field{abstract}{Microplastics are small fragments of plastic debris that have accumulated in the environment on a global scale. They originate from the direct release of particles of plastic and as a consequence of the fragmentation of larger items. Microplastics are widespread in marine habitats from the poles to the equator; from the sea surface and shoreline to the deep sea. They are ingested by a range of organisms including commercially important fish and shellfish and in some populations the incidence of ingestion is extensive. Laboratory studies indicate that ingestion could cause harmful toxicological and/or physical effects. However, our understanding of the relative importance of these effects in natural populations is very limited. Looking to the future it seems inevitable that the quantity of microplastic will increase in the environment, since even if we could stop new items of debris entering the ocean, fragmentation of the items already present would continue for years to come. The term microplastics has only been in popular usage for a decade and while many questions remain about the extent to which they could have harmful effects, the solutions to reducing this contamination are at hand. There are considerable synergies to be achieved by designing plastic items for both their lifetime in service and their efficient end-of-life recyclability, since capturing waste via recycling will reduce usage of non-renewable oil and gas used in the production of new plastics and at the same time reduce the accumulation of waste in managed facilities such as land fill as well as in the natural environment.}
      \field{booktitle}{Marine Anthropogenic Litter}
      \field{chapter}{7}
      \field{edition}{1}
      \field{isbn}{978-3-319-16510-3}
      \field{title}{{Microplastics in the Marine Environment: Sources, Consequences and Solutions}}
      \field{year}{2015}
      \field{pages}{185\bibrangedash 200}
      \range{pages}{16}
    \endentry
    \entry{Eriksen2014}{article}{}
      \name{author}{9}{}{%
        {{hash=73d3386555ea60adce9a27e416e62ff7}{%
           family={Eriksen},
           familyi={E\bibinitperiod},
           given={Marcus},
           giveni={M\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=ec35d1138e148159385d1ba980f8e8ae}{%
           family={Lebreton},
           familyi={L\bibinitperiod},
           given={Laurent\bibnamedelima C.M.},
           giveni={L\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim C\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=7e4c9dba9a82090a84e53b6a38ebadfe}{%
           family={Carson},
           familyi={C\bibinitperiod},
           given={Henry\bibnamedelima S.},
           giveni={H\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim S\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=52c54a8f83674be311ab0e53b3bbff0d}{%
           family={Thiel},
           familyi={T\bibinitperiod},
           given={Martin},
           giveni={M\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=ce7eae52bf3d9f9dbb3f179626c54a7d}{%
           family={Moore},
           familyi={M\bibinitperiod},
           given={Charles\bibnamedelima J.},
           giveni={C\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim J\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=283f481d4585050d65276fb8a2ded874}{%
           family={Borerro},
           familyi={B\bibinitperiod},
           given={Jose\bibnamedelima C.},
           giveni={J\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim C\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=0b13228c47cae3fb79ff5853d849bfc3}{%
           family={Galgani},
           familyi={G\bibinitperiod},
           given={Francois},
           giveni={F\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=363cb866a3799c350e27b36afbb2c50c}{%
           family={Ryan},
           familyi={R\bibinitperiod},
           given={Peter\bibnamedelima G.},
           giveni={P\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim G\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=eb5b53963e4e2887e3f2800cd8c637aa}{%
           family={Reisser},
           familyi={R\bibinitperiod},
           given={Julia},
           giveni={J\bibinitperiod}}}%
      }
      \strng{namehash}{4f0704abdfedfd18e74dd72e288a0470}
      \strng{fullhash}{3969bb9c69a702dc671ce7b7c8a827d2}
      \strng{bibnamehash}{4f0704abdfedfd18e74dd72e288a0470}
      \strng{authorbibnamehash}{4f0704abdfedfd18e74dd72e288a0470}
      \strng{authornamehash}{4f0704abdfedfd18e74dd72e288a0470}
      \strng{authorfullhash}{3969bb9c69a702dc671ce7b7c8a827d2}
      \field{sortinit}{6}
      \field{sortinithash}{57e57fb8451e7fcfa45d1e069f6d3136}
      \field{labelnamesource}{author}
      \field{labeltitlesource}{title}
      \field{abstract}{Plastic pollution is ubiquitous throughout the marine environment, yet estimates of the global abundance and weight of floating plastics have lacked data, particularly from the Southern Hemisphere and remote regions. Here we report an estimate of the total number of plastic particles and their weight floating in the world's oceans from 24 expeditions (2007–2013) across all five sub-tropical gyres, costal Australia, Bay of Bengal and the Mediterranean Sea conducting surface net tows (N = 680) and visual survey transects of large plastic debris (N = 891). Using an oceanographic model of floating debris dispersal calibrated by our data, and correcting for wind-driven vertical mixing, we estimate a minimum of 5.25 trillion particles weighing 268,940 tons. When comparing between four size classes, two microplastic 4.75 mm, a tremendous loss of microplastics is observed from the sea surface compared to expected rates of fragmentation, suggesting there are mechanisms at play that remove}
      \field{issn}{19326203}
      \field{journaltitle}{PLoS ONE}
      \field{number}{12}
      \field{title}{{Plastic Pollution in the World's Oceans: More than 5 Trillion Plastic Pieces Weighing over 250,000 Tons Afloat at Sea}}
      \field{volume}{9}
      \field{year}{2014}
      \field{pages}{1\bibrangedash 15}
      \range{pages}{15}
      \verb{doi}
      \verb 10.1371/journal.pone.0111913
      \endverb
      \verb{file}
      \verb :C$\backslash$:/Users/langk/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Eriksen et al. - 2014 - Plastic Pollution in the World's Oceans More than 5 Trillion Plastic Pieces Weighing over 250,000 Tons Afloat at.pdf:pdf
      \endverb
    \endentry
    \entry{VanSebille2015}{article}{}
      \name{author}{10}{}{%
        {{hash=5720fded8f1bd6f83f5a5fb218bd4e88}{%
           family={{Van Sebille}},
           familyi={V\bibinitperiod},
           given={Erik},
           giveni={E\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=fa5dc6564d5fbe1e970be61369d9bd5c}{%
           family={Wilcox},
           familyi={W\bibinitperiod},
           given={Chris},
           giveni={C\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=ae5a449d6e8cf17bca0c4d0cef4fadd2}{%
           family={Lebreton},
           familyi={L\bibinitperiod},
           given={Laurent},
           giveni={L\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=ae3fb5744d143418db86174906287b9a}{%
           family={Maximenko},
           familyi={M\bibinitperiod},
           given={Nikolai},
           giveni={N\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=1ce4d2ef5e7ad657b712983223085b99}{%
           family={Hardesty},
           familyi={H\bibinitperiod},
           given={Britta\bibnamedelima Denise},
           giveni={B\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim D\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=636bb7049f24fe2e91b94d3bb3d2e7a7}{%
           family={Franeker},
           familyi={F\bibinitperiod},
           given={Jan\bibnamedelimb A\bibnamedelima Van},
           giveni={J\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim A\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim V\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=73d3386555ea60adce9a27e416e62ff7}{%
           family={Eriksen},
           familyi={E\bibinitperiod},
           given={Marcus},
           giveni={M\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=3dfcb8fb303b613c222a5e8bbf2015a0}{%
           family={Siegel},
           familyi={S\bibinitperiod},
           given={David},
           giveni={D\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=0b13228c47cae3fb79ff5853d849bfc3}{%
           family={Galgani},
           familyi={G\bibinitperiod},
           given={Francois},
           giveni={F\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=079891c5d6606d0364a55e31962a31a6}{%
           family={Law},
           familyi={L\bibinitperiod},
           given={Kara\bibnamedelima Lavender},
           giveni={K\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim L\bibinitperiod}}}%
      }
      \list{publisher}{1}{%
        {IOP Publishing}%
      }
      \strng{namehash}{f431f5ce4e4a4e1e22b06dec9bfa54b5}
      \strng{fullhash}{86b5512146e5495aa247666b9a7eb42b}
      \strng{bibnamehash}{f431f5ce4e4a4e1e22b06dec9bfa54b5}
      \strng{authorbibnamehash}{f431f5ce4e4a4e1e22b06dec9bfa54b5}
      \strng{authornamehash}{f431f5ce4e4a4e1e22b06dec9bfa54b5}
      \strng{authorfullhash}{86b5512146e5495aa247666b9a7eb42b}
      \field{sortinit}{6}
      \field{sortinithash}{57e57fb8451e7fcfa45d1e069f6d3136}
      \field{labelnamesource}{author}
      \field{labeltitlesource}{title}
      \field{abstract}{Microplastic debris floating at the ocean surface can harm marine life. Understanding the severity of this harmrequires knowledge of plastic abundance and distributions. Dozens of expeditions measuring microplastics have been carried out since the 1970s, but they have primarily focused on the North Atlantic and North Pacific accumulation zones, withmuchsparser coverage elsewhere. Here, weuse the largest dataset of microplastic measurements assembled to date to assess the confidencewe can have in global estimates of microplastic abundance and mass.Weuse a rigorous statistical framework to standardize a global dataset of plastic marine debris measured using surface-trawling plankton nets and coupled this with three different ocean circulation models to spatially interpolate the observations. Ourestimates show that the accumulated number of microplastic particles in 2014 ranges from 15 to 51 trillion particles, weighing between 93 and 236 thousand metric tons, which is only approximately1{\%}of global plastic waste estimated to enter the ocean in the year 2010. These estimates are larger than previous global estimates, but vary widely because the scarcity of data in most of the world ocean, differences in model formulations, and fundamental knowledge gaps in the sources, transformations and fates of microplastics in the ocean.}
      \field{issn}{1748-9326}
      \field{journaltitle}{Environmental Research Letters}
      \field{number}{12}
      \field{title}{{A global inventory of small fl oating plastic debris}}
      \field{volume}{10}
      \field{year}{2015}
      \field{pages}{1\bibrangedash 11}
      \range{pages}{11}
      \verb{doi}
      \verb 10.1088/1748-9326/10/12/124006
      \endverb
      \verb{file}
      \verb :C$\backslash$:/Users/langk/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Van Sebille et al. - 2015 - A global inventory of small fl oating plastic debris.pdf:pdf
      \endverb
      \keyw{journal citation,marine debris,model comparison,ocean circulation,the work}
    \endentry
    \entry{Isobe2017}{article}{}
      \name{author}{4}{}{%
        {{hash=bd13262d7faa6e45efcb5425da3d667a}{%
           family={Isobe},
           familyi={I\bibinitperiod},
           given={Atsuhiko},
           giveni={A\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=ae5ce757c521466ff264fbdde67ce1f5}{%
           family={Uchiyama-Matsumoto},
           familyi={U\bibinithyphendelim M\bibinitperiod},
           given={Kaori},
           giveni={K\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=2fc858befe808c241abe25222446845c}{%
           family={Uchida},
           familyi={U\bibinitperiod},
           given={Keiichi},
           giveni={K\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=c5b759e225e737038a1f44b585519ffe}{%
           family={Tokai},
           familyi={T\bibinitperiod},
           given={Tadashi},
           giveni={T\bibinitperiod}}}%
      }
      \list{publisher}{1}{%
        {The Authors}%
      }
      \strng{namehash}{af33c355fdd3c84da02d5371263e9f29}
      \strng{fullhash}{752c5f786ab5f779c6ae00ff9767bc31}
      \strng{bibnamehash}{af33c355fdd3c84da02d5371263e9f29}
      \strng{authorbibnamehash}{af33c355fdd3c84da02d5371263e9f29}
      \strng{authornamehash}{af33c355fdd3c84da02d5371263e9f29}
      \strng{authorfullhash}{752c5f786ab5f779c6ae00ff9767bc31}
      \field{sortinit}{6}
      \field{sortinithash}{57e57fb8451e7fcfa45d1e069f6d3136}
      \field{labelnamesource}{author}
      \field{labeltitlesource}{title}
      \field{abstract}{A field survey to collect microplastics with sizes {<}{ï}¿½5{ï}¿½mm was conducted in the Southern Ocean in 2016. We performed five net-tows and collected 44 pieces of plastic. Total particle counts of the entire water column, which is free of vertical mixing, were computed using the surface concentration (particle count per unit seawater volume) of microplastics, wind speed, and significant wave height during the observation period. Total particle counts at two stations near Antarctica were estimated to be in the order of 100,000{ï}¿½pieces{ï}¿½km−{ï}¿½2.}
      \field{issn}{18793363}
      \field{journaltitle}{Marine Pollution Bulletin}
      \field{number}{1}
      \field{title}{{Microplastics in the Southern Ocean}}
      \field{volume}{114}
      \field{year}{2017}
      \field{pages}{623\bibrangedash 626}
      \range{pages}{4}
      \verb{doi}
      \verb 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.09.037
      \endverb
      \verb{file}
      \verb :C$\backslash$:/Users/langk/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Isobe et al. - 2017 - Microplastics in the Southern Ocean.pdf:pdf
      \endverb
      \keyw{Concentration,Mesoplastics,Microplastics,Total particle count}
    \endentry
    \entry{Moore2001}{article}{}
      \name{author}{4}{}{%
        {{hash=a80daaecd0b6c575e1ce9bd8e70f560e}{%
           family={Moore},
           familyi={M\bibinitperiod},
           given={C.\bibnamedelimi J.},
           giveni={C\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim J\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=80f83e33ad679c1c208bbfd9f708f4d8}{%
           family={Moore},
           familyi={M\bibinitperiod},
           given={S.\bibnamedelimi L.},
           giveni={S\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim L\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=cd7e203d515b2e233585fc491f74d086}{%
           family={Leecaster},
           familyi={L\bibinitperiod},
           given={M.\bibnamedelimi K.},
           giveni={M\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim K\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=97edd76f3b5b29b58f3472c28c380347}{%
           family={Weisberg},
           familyi={W\bibinitperiod},
           given={S.\bibnamedelimi B.},
           giveni={S\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim B\bibinitperiod}}}%
      }
      \strng{namehash}{2d2046f12dc357387c82bf49a704d0d9}
      \strng{fullhash}{7f76bab024824093f725b01ae7424ce6}
      \strng{bibnamehash}{2d2046f12dc357387c82bf49a704d0d9}
      \strng{authorbibnamehash}{2d2046f12dc357387c82bf49a704d0d9}
      \strng{authornamehash}{2d2046f12dc357387c82bf49a704d0d9}
      \strng{authorfullhash}{7f76bab024824093f725b01ae7424ce6}
      \field{sortinit}{6}
      \field{sortinithash}{57e57fb8451e7fcfa45d1e069f6d3136}
      \field{labelnamesource}{author}
      \field{labeltitlesource}{title}
      \field{abstract}{The potential for ingestion of plastic particles by open ocean filter feeders was assessed by measuring the relative abundance and mass of neustonic plastic and zooplankton in surface waters under the central atmospheric high-pressure cells of the North Pacific Ocean. Neuston samples were collected at 11 random sites, using a manta trawl lined with 333 u mesh. The abundance and mass of neustonic plastic was the largest recorded anywhere in the Pacific Ocean at 334271 pieces km2and 5114gkm2, respectively. Plankton abundance was approximately five times higher than that of plastic, but the mass of plastic was approximately six times that of plankton. The most frequently sampled types of identifiable plastic were thin films, polypropylene/monofilament line and unidentified plastic, most of which were miscellaneous fragments. Cumulatively, these three types accounted for 98{\%} of the total number of plastic pieces. Copyright {©} 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd.}
      \field{issn}{0025326X}
      \field{journaltitle}{Marine Pollution Bulletin}
      \field{number}{12}
      \field{title}{{A comparison of plastic and plankton in the North Pacific Central Gyre}}
      \field{volume}{42}
      \field{year}{2001}
      \field{pages}{1297\bibrangedash 1300}
      \range{pages}{4}
      \verb{doi}
      \verb 10.1016/S0025-326X(01)00114-X
      \endverb
      \verb{file}
      \verb :C$\backslash$:/Users/langk/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Moore et al. - 2001 - A comparison of plastic and plankton in the North Pacific Central Gyre.pdf:pdf
      \endverb
      \keyw{Debris,Neuston,North Pacific central gyre,Plastics,Pollution monitoring,Zooplankton}
    \endentry
    \entry{Lebreton2018}{article}{}
      \name{author}{16}{}{%
        {{hash=9b1a38e31cfd01d0b914d89b32d02cc4}{%
           family={Lebreton},
           familyi={L\bibinitperiod},
           given={L.},
           giveni={L\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=968f8b9c01718614a2dab80001234f26}{%
           family={Slat},
           familyi={S\bibinitperiod},
           given={B.},
           giveni={B\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=bc6a24c238b6d6613a90c532c5c33f25}{%
           family={Ferrari},
           familyi={F\bibinitperiod},
           given={F.},
           giveni={F\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=d541ec10e06159a8f895186d4c523947}{%
           family={Sainte-Rose},
           familyi={S\bibinithyphendelim R\bibinitperiod},
           given={B.},
           giveni={B\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=191955d64865ed97b0aa89b28a2e53fb}{%
           family={Aitken},
           familyi={A\bibinitperiod},
           given={J.},
           giveni={J\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=020e6ae6156a682f7e946b2886375b55}{%
           family={Marthouse},
           familyi={M\bibinitperiod},
           given={R.},
           giveni={R\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=bcbe1631ddbf09bc9bcc83885bc64bac}{%
           family={Hajbane},
           familyi={H\bibinitperiod},
           given={S.},
           giveni={S\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=165542130e873e661517bd330c3d0b89}{%
           family={Cunsolo},
           familyi={C\bibinitperiod},
           given={S.},
           giveni={S\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=4d2983866db45cfe3ec2558282148537}{%
           family={Schwarz},
           familyi={S\bibinitperiod},
           given={A.},
           giveni={A\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=2045fad7ea5e10d27e49acb408a40c63}{%
           family={Levivier},
           familyi={L\bibinitperiod},
           given={A.},
           giveni={A\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=f8daa0b0fc16e5a9208034eb61d56b18}{%
           family={Noble},
           familyi={N\bibinitperiod},
           given={K.},
           giveni={K\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=d99e3e3a6969e7b40a725456f6f8119e}{%
           family={Debeljak},
           familyi={D\bibinitperiod},
           given={P.},
           giveni={P\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=6d5512e33cb442db004332979605e2b8}{%
           family={Maral},
           familyi={M\bibinitperiod},
           given={H.},
           giveni={H\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=da815b0690dff370fa2f12f60488eefc}{%
           family={Schoeneich-Argent},
           familyi={S\bibinithyphendelim A\bibinitperiod},
           given={R.},
           giveni={R\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=2e6f3750d12986e2d183365e34c568c9}{%
           family={Brambini},
           familyi={B\bibinitperiod},
           given={R.},
           giveni={R\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=f1ddafadd244f4f32b3719b39359f2cf}{%
           family={Reisser},
           familyi={R\bibinitperiod},
           given={J.},
           giveni={J\bibinitperiod}}}%
      }
      \list{publisher}{1}{%
        {Springer US}%
      }
      \strng{namehash}{881dd3c1fc79a892f73e64abebb9d1e0}
      \strng{fullhash}{4b080c5247b67bd196544fe41f1b85bb}
      \strng{bibnamehash}{881dd3c1fc79a892f73e64abebb9d1e0}
      \strng{authorbibnamehash}{881dd3c1fc79a892f73e64abebb9d1e0}
      \strng{authornamehash}{881dd3c1fc79a892f73e64abebb9d1e0}
      \strng{authorfullhash}{4b080c5247b67bd196544fe41f1b85bb}
      \field{sortinit}{7}
      \field{sortinithash}{c818dd9105a2852444fc9f5e145c294e}
      \field{labelnamesource}{author}
      \field{labeltitlesource}{title}
      \field{abstract}{Ocean plastic can persist in sea surface waters, eventually accumulating in remote areas of the world's oceans. Here we characterise and quantify a major ocean plastic accumulation zone formed in subtropical waters between California and Hawaii: The Great Pacific Garbage Patch (GPGP). Our model, calibrated with data from multi-vessel and aircraft surveys, predicted at least 79 (45–129) thousand tonnes of ocean plastic are floating inside an area of 1.6 million km2; a figure four to sixteen times higher than previously reported. We explain this difference through the use of more robust methods to quantify larger debris. Over three-quarters of the GPGP mass was carried by debris larger than 5 cm and at least 46{\%} was comprised of fishing nets. Microplastics accounted for 8{\%} of the total mass but 94{\%} of the estimated 1.8 (1.1–3.6) trillion pieces floating in the area. Plastic collected during our study has specific characteristics such as small surface-to-volume ratio, indicating that only certain types of debris have the capacity to persist and accumulate at the surface of the GPGP. Finally, our results suggest that ocean plastic pollution within the GPGP is increasing exponentially and at a faster rate than in surrounding waters.}
      \field{issn}{2045-2322}
      \field{journaltitle}{Scientific Reports}
      \field{number}{4666}
      \field{title}{{Evidence that the Great Pacific Garbage Patch is rapidly accumulating plastic}}
      \field{volume}{8}
      \field{year}{2018}
      \field{pages}{1\bibrangedash 15}
      \range{pages}{15}
      \verb{doi}
      \verb 10.1038/s41598-018-22939-w
      \endverb
      \verb{file}
      \verb :C$\backslash$:/Users/langk/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Lebreton et al. - 2018 - Evidence that the Great Pacific Garbage Patch is rapidly accumulating plastic.pdf:pdf
      \endverb
    \endentry
    \entry{Lebreton2017}{article}{}
      \name{author}{6}{}{%
        {{hash=ec35d1138e148159385d1ba980f8e8ae}{%
           family={Lebreton},
           familyi={L\bibinitperiod},
           given={Laurent\bibnamedelima C.M.},
           giveni={L\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim C\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=06da2ed5f3aec98e2b11acc4ac779bc4}{%
           family={{Van Der Zwet}},
           familyi={V\bibinitperiod},
           given={Joost},
           giveni={J\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=26235b47fe460c42be6c8d4c2cee4690}{%
           family={Damsteeg},
           familyi={D\bibinitperiod},
           given={Jan\bibnamedelima Willem},
           giveni={J\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim W\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=077c2f72a8a6dbdcc160380b23a650d8}{%
           family={Slat},
           familyi={S\bibinitperiod},
           given={Boyan},
           giveni={B\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=bb3247ce950df702fe5345e8ce91f497}{%
           family={Andrady},
           familyi={A\bibinitperiod},
           given={Anthony},
           giveni={A\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=eb5b53963e4e2887e3f2800cd8c637aa}{%
           family={Reisser},
           familyi={R\bibinitperiod},
           given={Julia},
           giveni={J\bibinitperiod}}}%
      }
      \list{publisher}{1}{%
        {Nature Publishing Group}%
      }
      \strng{namehash}{748b6b56f0e264bbc3e1e1516e259028}
      \strng{fullhash}{aea62613b271cb74255ce86ba25bc466}
      \strng{bibnamehash}{748b6b56f0e264bbc3e1e1516e259028}
      \strng{authorbibnamehash}{748b6b56f0e264bbc3e1e1516e259028}
      \strng{authornamehash}{748b6b56f0e264bbc3e1e1516e259028}
      \strng{authorfullhash}{aea62613b271cb74255ce86ba25bc466}
      \field{sortinit}{7}
      \field{sortinithash}{c818dd9105a2852444fc9f5e145c294e}
      \field{labelnamesource}{author}
      \field{labeltitlesource}{title}
      \field{abstract}{Plastics in the marine environment have become a major concern because of their persistence at sea, and adverse consequences to marine life and potentially human health. Implementing mitigation strategies requires an understanding and quantification of marine plastic sources, taking spatial and temporal variability into account. Here we present a global model of plastic inputs from rivers into oceans based on waste management, population density and hydrological information. Our model is calibrated against measurements available in the literature. We estimate that between 1.15 and 2.41 million tonnes of plastic waste currently enters the ocean every year from rivers, with over 74{\%} of emissions occurring between May and October. The top 20 polluting rivers, mostly located in Asia, account for 67{\%} of the global total. The findings of this study provide baseline data for ocean plastic mass balance exercises, and assist in prioritizing future plastic debris monitoring and mitigation strategies.}
      \field{issn}{20411723}
      \field{journaltitle}{Nature Communications}
      \field{title}{{River plastic emissions to the world's oceans}}
      \field{volume}{8}
      \field{year}{2017}
      \field{pages}{1\bibrangedash 10}
      \range{pages}{10}
      \verb{doi}
      \verb 10.1038/ncomms15611
      \endverb
      \verb{file}
      \verb :C$\backslash$:/Users/langk/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Lebreton et al. - 2017 - River plastic emissions to the world's oceans.pdf:pdf
      \endverb
    \endentry
    \entry{Schmidt2017}{article}{}
      \name{author}{3}{}{%
        {{hash=aee05b0af60d2a2ea656c86440898286}{%
           family={Schmidt},
           familyi={S\bibinitperiod},
           given={Christian},
           giveni={C\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=0c639439bba23eb46502cdca2239c399}{%
           family={Krauth},
           familyi={K\bibinitperiod},
           given={Tobias},
           giveni={T\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=aefda5d80f00842e1e290d88b3d27ef1}{%
           family={Wagner},
           familyi={W\bibinitperiod},
           given={Stephan},
           giveni={S\bibinitperiod}}}%
      }
      \strng{namehash}{c0a689bfe69d67e93bb640441e8d8a6e}
      \strng{fullhash}{c0a689bfe69d67e93bb640441e8d8a6e}
      \strng{bibnamehash}{c0a689bfe69d67e93bb640441e8d8a6e}
      \strng{authorbibnamehash}{c0a689bfe69d67e93bb640441e8d8a6e}
      \strng{authornamehash}{c0a689bfe69d67e93bb640441e8d8a6e}
      \strng{authorfullhash}{c0a689bfe69d67e93bb640441e8d8a6e}
      \field{sortinit}{7}
      \field{sortinithash}{c818dd9105a2852444fc9f5e145c294e}
      \field{labelnamesource}{author}
      \field{labeltitlesource}{title}
      \field{abstract}{A substantial fraction of marine plastic debris originates from land-based sources and rivers potentially act as a major transport pathway for all sizes of plastic debris. We analyzed a global compilation of data on plastic debris in the water column across a wide range of river sizes. Plastic debris loads, both microplastic (particles {<}5 mm) and macroplastic (particles {>}5 mm) are positively related to the mismanaged plastic waste (MMPW) generated in the river catchments. This relationship is nonlinear where large rivers with population-rich catchments delivering a disproportionately higher fraction of MMPW into the sea. The 10 top-ranked rivers transport 88–95{\%} of the global load into the sea. Using MMPW as a predictor we calculate the global plastic debris inputs form rivers into the sea to range between 0.41 and 4 × 106 t/y. Due to the limited amount of data high uncertainties were expected and ultimately confirmed. The empirical analysis to quantify plastic loads in rivers can be extended easily by a...}
      \field{journaltitle}{Environmental Science {\&} Technology}
      \field{title}{{Export of Plastic Debris by Rivers into the Sea}}
      \field{volume}{51}
      \field{year}{2018}
      \field{pages}{12246\bibrangedash 12253}
      \range{pages}{8}
      \verb{doi}
      \verb 10.1021/acs.est.7b02368
      \endverb
      \verb{file}
      \verb :C$\backslash$:/Users/langk/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Schmidt, Krauth, Wagner - 2018 - Correction to Export of Plastic Debris by Rivers into the Sea.pdf:pdf
      \endverb
    \endentry
    \entry{Cressey2016}{article}{}
      \name{author}{1}{}{%
        {{hash=cd2ee19997c3fcfc4bcc536320fec457}{%
           family={Cressey},
           familyi={C\bibinitperiod},
           given={Daniel},
           giveni={D\bibinitperiod}}}%
      }
      \strng{namehash}{cd2ee19997c3fcfc4bcc536320fec457}
      \strng{fullhash}{cd2ee19997c3fcfc4bcc536320fec457}
      \strng{bibnamehash}{cd2ee19997c3fcfc4bcc536320fec457}
      \strng{authorbibnamehash}{cd2ee19997c3fcfc4bcc536320fec457}
      \strng{authornamehash}{cd2ee19997c3fcfc4bcc536320fec457}
      \strng{authorfullhash}{cd2ee19997c3fcfc4bcc536320fec457}
      \field{sortinit}{7}
      \field{sortinithash}{c818dd9105a2852444fc9f5e145c294e}
      \field{labelnamesource}{author}
      \field{labeltitlesource}{title}
      \field{abstract}{SCIENTISTS KNOW THAT THERE IS A COLOSSAL AMOUNT OF PLASTIC IN THE OCEANS. BUT THEY DON'T KNOW WHERE IT ALL IS, WHAT IT LOOKS LIKE OR WHAT DAMAGE IT DOES.}
      \field{journaltitle}{Nature}
      \field{title}{{The Plastic Ocean}}
      \field{volume}{536}
      \field{year}{2016}
      \field{pages}{263\bibrangedash 265}
      \range{pages}{3}
      \verb{doi}
      \verb 10.1038/536263a
      \endverb
      \verb{file}
      \verb :C$\backslash$:/Users/langk/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Cressey - 2016 - The Plastic Ocean.pdf:pdf
      \endverb
    \endentry
    \entry{VanFraneker2015}{article}{}
      \name{author}{2}{}{%
        {{hash=552fe00b81ca69f9eabfd97df37380f9}{%
           family={{Van Franeker}},
           familyi={V\bibinitperiod},
           given={Jan\bibnamedelima A.},
           giveni={J\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim A\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=079891c5d6606d0364a55e31962a31a6}{%
           family={Law},
           familyi={L\bibinitperiod},
           given={Kara\bibnamedelima Lavender},
           giveni={K\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim L\bibinitperiod}}}%
      }
      \list{publisher}{1}{%
        {Elsevier Ltd}%
      }
      \strng{namehash}{9a78173f5b62cc8e4d859688265ddda9}
      \strng{fullhash}{9a78173f5b62cc8e4d859688265ddda9}
      \strng{bibnamehash}{9a78173f5b62cc8e4d859688265ddda9}
      \strng{authorbibnamehash}{9a78173f5b62cc8e4d859688265ddda9}
      \strng{authornamehash}{9a78173f5b62cc8e4d859688265ddda9}
      \strng{authorfullhash}{9a78173f5b62cc8e4d859688265ddda9}
      \field{sortinit}{7}
      \field{sortinithash}{c818dd9105a2852444fc9f5e145c294e}
      \field{labelnamesource}{author}
      \field{labeltitlesource}{title}
      \field{abstract}{Fulmars are effective biological indicators of the abundance of floating plastic marine debris. Long-term data reveal high plastic abundance in the southern North Sea, gradually decreasing to the north at increasing distance from population centres, with lowest levels in high-arctic waters. Since the 1980s, pre-production plastic pellets in North Sea fulmars have decreased by ∼75{\%}, while user plastics varied without a strong overall change. Similar trends were found in net-collected floating plastic debris in the North Atlantic subtropical gyre, with a ∼75{\%} decrease in plastic pellets and no obvious trend in user plastic. The decreases in pellets suggest that changes in litter input are rapidly visible in the environment not only close to presumed sources, but also far from land. Floating plastic debris is rapidly "lost" from the ocean surface to other as-yet undetermined sinks in the marine environment.}
      \field{issn}{18736424}
      \field{journaltitle}{Environmental Pollution}
      \field{title}{{Seabirds, gyres and global trends in plastic pollution}}
      \field{volume}{203}
      \field{year}{2015}
      \field{pages}{89\bibrangedash 96}
      \range{pages}{8}
      \verb{doi}
      \verb 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.02.034
      \endverb
      \verb{file}
      \verb :C$\backslash$:/Users/langk/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Van Franeker, Law - 2015 - Seabirds, gyres and global trends in plastic pollution.pdf:pdf
      \endverb
      \keyw{Fulmarus glacialis,Industrial plastic pellets,Marine debris,North Atlantic subtropical gyre,Plastic ingestion}
    \endentry
    \entry{Hoornweg2012}{report}{}
      \name{author}{2}{}{%
        {{hash=5d0e8073b917608b03664ef996f058c6}{%
           family={Hoornweg},
           familyi={H\bibinitperiod},
           given={Daniel},
           giveni={D\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=b53b61adfe1e09e19908b2ebf36df379}{%
           family={Bhada-Tata},
           familyi={B\bibinithyphendelim T\bibinitperiod},
           given={Perinaz},
           giveni={P\bibinitperiod}}}%
      }
      \list{institution}{1}{%
        {The World Bank}%
      }
      \list{location}{1}{%
        {Washington DC, USA}%
      }
      \strng{namehash}{fa247377e52876d38b414388be6cd994}
      \strng{fullhash}{fa247377e52876d38b414388be6cd994}
      \strng{bibnamehash}{fa247377e52876d38b414388be6cd994}
      \strng{authorbibnamehash}{fa247377e52876d38b414388be6cd994}
      \strng{authornamehash}{fa247377e52876d38b414388be6cd994}
      \strng{authorfullhash}{fa247377e52876d38b414388be6cd994}
      \field{sortinit}{7}
      \field{sortinithash}{c818dd9105a2852444fc9f5e145c294e}
      \field{labelnamesource}{author}
      \field{labeltitlesource}{title}
      \field{number}{Urban Development Series No. 15}
      \field{title}{{What a Waste: A Global Review of Solid Waste Management}}
      \field{type}{techreport}
      \field{year}{2012}
      \field{pages}{1\bibrangedash 101}
      \range{pages}{101}
      \verb{file}
      \verb :C$\backslash$:/Users/langk/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Hoornweg, Bhada-Tata - 2012 - What a Waste A Global Review of Solid Waste Management.pdf:pdf
      \endverb
    \endentry
    \entry{Galgani2015}{incollection}{}
      \name{author}{3}{}{%
        {{hash=c640cdb16a1f775247975ff2a8612cbc}{%
           family={Galgani},
           familyi={G\bibinitperiod},
           given={F.},
           giveni={F\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=dcb413d3c53875e6afa1ff150cc8167e}{%
           family={Hanke},
           familyi={H\bibinitperiod},
           given={G.},
           giveni={G\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=59a2d6c796514543611148f05c5c24e8}{%
           family={Maes},
           familyi={M\bibinitperiod},
           given={T.},
           giveni={T\bibinitperiod}}}%
      }
      \name{editor}{3}{}{%
        {{hash=5d7f9d62f1df8b3032028c49473b758c}{%
           family={Bergmann},
           familyi={B\bibinitperiod},
           given={M},
           giveni={M\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=c5213cc98614b328a6a876444a246197}{%
           family={Gutow},
           familyi={G\bibinitperiod},
           given={L},
           giveni={L\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=dd3c51c912ab296757d3df75b7d50da6}{%
           family={Klages},
           familyi={K\bibinitperiod},
           given={M},
           giveni={M\bibinitperiod}}}%
      }
      \list{location}{1}{%
        {Cham, Switzerland}%
      }
      \list{publisher}{1}{%
        {Springer}%
      }
      \strng{namehash}{d973126e91bc460390941430ea287b30}
      \strng{fullhash}{d973126e91bc460390941430ea287b30}
      \strng{bibnamehash}{d973126e91bc460390941430ea287b30}
      \strng{authorbibnamehash}{d973126e91bc460390941430ea287b30}
      \strng{authornamehash}{d973126e91bc460390941430ea287b30}
      \strng{authorfullhash}{d973126e91bc460390941430ea287b30}
      \strng{editorbibnamehash}{fa8ddf495c1db3efce4e066a23b9c592}
      \strng{editornamehash}{fa8ddf495c1db3efce4e066a23b9c592}
      \strng{editorfullhash}{fa8ddf495c1db3efce4e066a23b9c592}
      \field{sortinit}{9}
      \field{sortinithash}{1dd72ab054147731c9d824b49aba0534}
      \field{labelnamesource}{author}
      \field{labeltitlesource}{title}
      \field{abstract}{For decades we have learned about the physical hazards associated with plastic debris in the marine environment, but recently we are beginning to realize the chemical hazards. Assessing hazards associated with plastic in aquatic habitats is not simple, and requires knowledge regarding organisms that may be exposed, the exposure concentrations, the types of polymers comprising the debris, the length of time the debris was present in the aquatic environment (affecting the size, shape and fouling) and the locations and transport of the debris during that time period. Marine plastic debris is associated with a ‘cocktail of chemicals, including chemicals added or produced during manufacturing and those present in the marine environment that accumulate onto the debris from surrounding seawater. This raises concerns regarding: (i) the complex mixture of chemical substances associated with marine plastic debris, (ii) the environmental fate of these chemicals to and from plastics in our oceans and (iii) how this mixture affects wildlife, as hundreds of species ingest this material in nature. The focus of this chapter is on the mixture of chemicals associated with marine plastic debris. Specifically, this chapter discusses the diversity of chemical ingredients, byproducts of manufacturing and sorbed chemical contaminants from the marine environment among plastic types, the role of marine plastic debris as a novel medium for environmental partitioning of chemical contaminants in the ocean and the toxic effects that may result from plastic debris in marine animals.}
      \field{booktitle}{Marine Anthropogenic Litter}
      \field{chapter}{2}
      \field{edition}{1}
      \field{isbn}{978-3-319-16510-3}
      \field{title}{{Global distribution, composition and abundance of marine litter}}
      \field{year}{2015}
      \field{pages}{29\bibrangedash 56}
      \range{pages}{28}
    \endentry
    \entry{NOAA2014}{misc}{}
      \name{author}{3}{}{%
        {{hash=36618a80b4efa2951d7d1eb61a7d7480}{%
           family={{National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration}},
           familyi={N\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=181cb77e6a42faee7fc3dc932723d400}{%
           family={{Woods Hole Sea Grant}},
           familyi={W\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=20959fa9d5d2976328168222f0ac2151}{%
           family={L{ü}de},
           familyi={L\bibinitperiod},
           given={Oliver},
           giveni={O\bibinitperiod}}}%
      }
      \list{publisher}{1}{%
        {NOAA2014}%
      }
      \strng{namehash}{002f5b906790c2713e39cd28996380c2}
      \strng{fullhash}{002f5b906790c2713e39cd28996380c2}
      \strng{bibnamehash}{002f5b906790c2713e39cd28996380c2}
      \strng{authorbibnamehash}{002f5b906790c2713e39cd28996380c2}
      \strng{authornamehash}{002f5b906790c2713e39cd28996380c2}
      \strng{authorfullhash}{002f5b906790c2713e39cd28996380c2}
      \field{sortinit}{9}
      \field{sortinithash}{1dd72ab054147731c9d824b49aba0534}
      \field{labelnamesource}{author}
      \field{labeltitlesource}{title}
      \field{title}{{How long until it's gone? Estimated decomposition rates of common marine debris items}}
      \field{year}{2014}
      \verb{file}
      \verb :C$\backslash$:/Users/langk/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Woods Hole Sea Grant, L{\"{u}}de - 2014 - How long until it's gone Estimated decomposition ra.pdf:pdf
      \endverb
    \endentry
    \entry{Dawson2018}{article}{}
      \name{author}{7}{}{%
        {{hash=cb68e77aa20e81fb981c1466a1ae81bb}{%
           family={Dawson},
           familyi={D\bibinitperiod},
           given={Amanda\bibnamedelima L.},
           giveni={A\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim L\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=33d2d8b2c01b810d903e127155483c2f}{%
           family={Kawaguchi},
           familyi={K\bibinitperiod},
           given={So},
           giveni={S\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=c4f44baafbaf71d27d105c8895f730f7}{%
           family={King},
           familyi={K\bibinitperiod},
           given={Catherine\bibnamedelima K.},
           giveni={C\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim K\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=9bbb1e23e0c9c4dcb0817cd8f9c01262}{%
           family={Townsend},
           familyi={T\bibinitperiod},
           given={Kathy\bibnamedelima A.},
           giveni={K\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim A\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=102836d79c5163d4c0ff79518bd33d34}{%
           family={King},
           familyi={K\bibinitperiod},
           given={Robert},
           giveni={R\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=4765c67cf4f8562e26286ada735a74ba}{%
           family={Huston},
           familyi={H\bibinitperiod},
           given={Wilhelmina\bibnamedelima M.},
           giveni={W\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim M\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=ef93e619bd4d4fa0e9614465d249b009}{%
           family={{Bengtson Nash}},
           familyi={B\bibinitperiod},
           given={Susan\bibnamedelima M.},
           giveni={S\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim M\bibinitperiod}}}%
      }
      \list{publisher}{1}{%
        {Springer US}%
      }
      \strng{namehash}{f988b2ee7a1652604b228b8589068134}
      \strng{fullhash}{0dd99a839647dd97b688d55957fa1487}
      \strng{bibnamehash}{f988b2ee7a1652604b228b8589068134}
      \strng{authorbibnamehash}{f988b2ee7a1652604b228b8589068134}
      \strng{authornamehash}{f988b2ee7a1652604b228b8589068134}
      \strng{authorfullhash}{0dd99a839647dd97b688d55957fa1487}
      \field{sortinit}{9}
      \field{sortinithash}{1dd72ab054147731c9d824b49aba0534}
      \field{labelnamesource}{author}
      \field{labeltitlesource}{title}
      \field{abstract}{Microplastics (plastics {<}5 mm diameter) are at the forefront of current environmental pollution research, however, little is known about the degradation of microplastics through ingestion. Here, by exposing Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) to microplastics under acute static renewal conditions, we present evidence of physical size alteration of microplastics ingested by a planktonic crustacean. Ingested microplastics (31.5 µm) are fragmented into pieces less than 1 µm in diameter. Previous feeding studies have shown spherical microplastics either; pass unaffected through an organism and are excreted, or are sufficiently small for translocation to occur. We identify a new pathway; microplastics are fragmented into sizes small enough to cross physical barriers, or are egested as a mixture of triturated particles. These findings suggest that current laboratory-based feeding studies may be oversimplifying interactions between zooplankton and microplastics but also introduces a new role of Antarctic krill, and potentially other species, in the biogeochemical cycling and fate of plastic.}
      \field{issn}{20411723}
      \field{journaltitle}{Nature Communications}
      \field{number}{1}
      \field{title}{{Turning microplastics into nanoplastics through digestive fragmentation by Antarctic krill}}
      \field{volume}{9}
      \field{year}{2018}
      \field{pages}{1\bibrangedash 8}
      \range{pages}{8}
      \verb{doi}
      \verb 10.1038/s41467-018-03465-9
      \endverb
      \verb{file}
      \verb :C$\backslash$:/Users/langk/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Dawson et al. - 2018 - Turning microplastics into nanoplastics through digestive fragmentation by Antarctic krill.pdf:pdf
      \endverb
    \endentry
    \entry{Law2017}{misc}{}
      \name{author}{1}{}{%
        {{hash=6f65a93983b40e2758630a15b5790f1a}{%
           family={Sherringtn},
           familyi={S\bibinitperiod},
           given={Chris},
           giveni={C\bibinitperiod}}}%
      }
      \strng{namehash}{6f65a93983b40e2758630a15b5790f1a}
      \strng{fullhash}{6f65a93983b40e2758630a15b5790f1a}
      \strng{bibnamehash}{6f65a93983b40e2758630a15b5790f1a}
      \strng{authorbibnamehash}{6f65a93983b40e2758630a15b5790f1a}
      \strng{authornamehash}{6f65a93983b40e2758630a15b5790f1a}
      \strng{authorfullhash}{6f65a93983b40e2758630a15b5790f1a}
      \field{sortinit}{1}
      \field{sortinithash}{2174f786c6195e7fe2ee1c229b416e29}
      \field{labelnamesource}{author}
      \field{labeltitlesource}{title}
      \field{abstract}{Plastics contamination in the marine environment was first reported nearly 50 years ago, less than two decades after the rise of commercial plastics pro-duction, when less than 50 million metric tons were produced per year. In 2014, global plastics production surpassed 300 million metric tons per year. Plastic debris has been detected worldwide in all major marine habitats, in sizes from microns to meters. In response, concerns about risks to marine wildlife upon exposure to the varied forms of plastic debris have increased, stimulating new research into the extent and consequences of plastics con-tamination in the marine environment. Here, I present a framework to eval-uate the current understanding of the sources, distribution, fate, and impacts of marine plastics. Despite remaining knowledge gaps in mass budgeting and challenges in investigating ecological impacts, the increasing evidence of the ubiquity of plastics contamination in the marine environment, the continued rapid growth in plastics production, and the evidence—albeit limited—of demonstrated impacts to marine wildlife support immediate implementa-tion of source-reducing measures to decrease the potential risks of plastics in the marine ecosystem.}
      \field{booktitle}{Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci}
      \field{issn}{1941-1405}
      \field{title}{{Plastics in the Marine Environment - Eunomia}}
      \field{volume}{9}
      \field{year}{2016}
      \field{pages}{205\bibrangedash 29}
      \range{pages}{25}
      \verb{doi}
      \verb 10.1146/annurev-marine-010816-060409
      \endverb
      \verb{file}
      \verb :C$\backslash$:/Users/langk/Documents/Studium/Master/MA/Papers/plastic/Law 2017 - Plastics in the Marine Environment.pdf:pdf
      \endverb
      \verb{urlraw}
      \verb http://www.annualreviews.org
      \endverb
      \verb{url}
      \verb http://www.annualreviews.org
      \endverb
      \keyw{contamination,impacts,ocean pollution,plastic debris,research priorities,risk analysis}
    \endentry
    \entry{Koelmans2017}{article}{}
      \name{author}{4}{}{%
        {{hash=f8172f9002e99af93554038fbb2f8ea5}{%
           family={Koelmans},
           familyi={K\bibinitperiod},
           given={Albert\bibnamedelima A.},
           giveni={A\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim A\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=cab4c70b22f028e33b8beef97c9e6911}{%
           family={Kooi},
           familyi={K\bibinitperiod},
           given={Merel},
           giveni={M\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=079891c5d6606d0364a55e31962a31a6}{%
           family={Law},
           familyi={L\bibinitperiod},
           given={Kara\bibnamedelima Lavender},
           giveni={K\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim L\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=5720fded8f1bd6f83f5a5fb218bd4e88}{%
           family={{Van Sebille}},
           familyi={V\bibinitperiod},
           given={Erik},
           giveni={E\bibinitperiod}}}%
      }
      \strng{namehash}{43b2fa9f6ed2f229607fde1d6bde58ac}
      \strng{fullhash}{b51113015b311624224d9c66bcb4cbba}
      \strng{bibnamehash}{43b2fa9f6ed2f229607fde1d6bde58ac}
      \strng{authorbibnamehash}{43b2fa9f6ed2f229607fde1d6bde58ac}
      \strng{authornamehash}{43b2fa9f6ed2f229607fde1d6bde58ac}
      \strng{authorfullhash}{b51113015b311624224d9c66bcb4cbba}
      \field{sortinit}{1}
      \field{sortinithash}{2174f786c6195e7fe2ee1c229b416e29}
      \field{labelnamesource}{author}
      \field{labeltitlesource}{title}
      \field{abstract}{{©} 2017 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd. Understanding the global mass inventory is one of the main challenges in present research on plastic marine debris. Especially the fragmentation and vertical transport processes of oceanic plastic are poorly understood. However, whereas fragmentation rates are unknown, information on plastic emissions, concentrations of plastics in the ocean surface layer (OSL) and fragmentation mechanisms is available. Here, we apply a systems engineering analytical approach and propose a tentative 'whole ocean' mass balance model that combines emission data, surface area-normalized plastic fragmentation rates, estimated concentrations in the OSL, and removal from the OSL by sinking. We simulate known plastic abundances in the OSL and calculate an average whole ocean apparent surface area-normalized plastic fragmentation r ate constant, given representative radii for macroplastic and microplastic. Simulations show that 99.8{\%} of the plastic that had entered the ocean since 1950 had settled below the OSL by 2016, with an additional 9.4 million tons settling per year. In 2016, the model predicts that of the 0.309 million tons in the OSL, an estimated 83.7{\%} was macroplastic, 13.8{\%} microplastic, and 2.5{\%} was {<} 0.335 mm 'nanoplastic'. A zero future emission simulation shows that almost all plastic in the OSL would be removed within three years, implying a fast response time of surface plastic abundance to changes in inputs. The model complements current spatially explicit models, points to future experiments that would inform critical model parameters, and allows for further validation when more experimental and field data become available.}
      \field{issn}{17489326}
      \field{journaltitle}{Environmental Research Letters}
      \field{number}{11}
      \field{title}{{All is not lost: Deriving a top-down mass budget of plastic at sea}}
      \field{volume}{12}
      \field{year}{2017}
      \field{pages}{1\bibrangedash 9}
      \range{pages}{9}
      \verb{doi}
      \verb 10.1088/1748-9326/aa9500
      \endverb
      \verb{file}
      \verb :C$\backslash$:/Users/langk/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Koelmans et al. - 2017 - All is not lost Deriving a top-down mass budget of plastic at sea.pdf:pdf
      \endverb
      \keyw{fragmentation,microplastic,ocean modeling,plastic debris}
    \endentry
    \entry{Brunner2015}{article}{}
      \name{author}{4}{}{%
        {{hash=3580709639747133a2e53e7dfd7beaf6}{%
           family={Brunner},
           familyi={B\bibinitperiod},
           given={K.},
           giveni={K\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=60b0d6b849da620f5f4f35e8bb866662}{%
           family={Kukulka},
           familyi={K\bibinitperiod},
           given={Tobias},
           giveni={T\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=77d28a4e4085c8f197cbe87c4e69ec32}{%
           family={Proskurowski},
           familyi={P\bibinitperiod},
           given={Giora},
           giveni={G\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=079891c5d6606d0364a55e31962a31a6}{%
           family={Law},
           familyi={L\bibinitperiod},
           given={Kara\bibnamedelima Lavender},
           giveni={K\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim L\bibinitperiod}}}%
      }
      \strng{namehash}{ef2cc731a19990aae8393d44f7c6c548}
      \strng{fullhash}{cbae374b7f2afe5ff531ebbd12ef1aff}
      \strng{bibnamehash}{ef2cc731a19990aae8393d44f7c6c548}
      \strng{authorbibnamehash}{ef2cc731a19990aae8393d44f7c6c548}
      \strng{authornamehash}{ef2cc731a19990aae8393d44f7c6c548}
      \strng{authorfullhash}{cbae374b7f2afe5ff531ebbd12ef1aff}
      \field{sortinit}{1}
      \field{sortinithash}{2174f786c6195e7fe2ee1c229b416e29}
      \field{labelnamesource}{author}
      \field{labeltitlesource}{title}
      \field{issn}{21699275}
      \field{journaltitle}{Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans}
      \field{title}{{Passive buoyant tracers in the ocean surface boundary layer: 2. Observations and simulations of microplastic marine debris}}
      \field{volume}{120}
      \field{year}{2015}
      \field{pages}{7559\bibrangedash 7573}
      \range{pages}{15}
      \verb{doi}
      \verb 10.1002/2015JC010840
      \endverb
      \verb{file}
      \verb :C$\backslash$:/Users/langk/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Brunner et al. - 2015 - Passive buoyant tracers in the ocean surface boundary layer 2. Observations and simulations of microplastic mari.pdf:pdf
      \endverb
    \endentry
    \entry{Karousakis2006}{thesis}{}
      \name{author}{1}{}{%
        {{hash=afac9417fed70af97eb3fbfb8d77705e}{%
           family={Karousakis},
           familyi={K\bibinitperiod},
           given={Katia},
           giveni={K\bibinitperiod}}}%
      }
      \list{institution}{1}{%
        {University College London}%
      }
      \list{location}{1}{%
        {Ann Arbor, USA}%
      }
      \list{publisher}{1}{%
        {ProQuest LLC}%
      }
      \strng{namehash}{afac9417fed70af97eb3fbfb8d77705e}
      \strng{fullhash}{afac9417fed70af97eb3fbfb8d77705e}
      \strng{bibnamehash}{afac9417fed70af97eb3fbfb8d77705e}
      \strng{authorbibnamehash}{afac9417fed70af97eb3fbfb8d77705e}
      \strng{authornamehash}{afac9417fed70af97eb3fbfb8d77705e}
      \strng{authorfullhash}{afac9417fed70af97eb3fbfb8d77705e}
      \field{sortinit}{1}
      \field{sortinithash}{2174f786c6195e7fe2ee1c229b416e29}
      \field{labelnamesource}{author}
      \field{labeltitlesource}{title}
      \field{title}{{The Economics and Policy of Municipal Soled Waste Management}}
      \field{type}{Doctoral Thesis}
      \field{year}{2006}
      \field{pages}{1\bibrangedash 238}
      \range{pages}{238}
      \verb{file}
      \verb :C$\backslash$:/Users/langk/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Karousakis - 2006 - The Economics and Policy of Municipal Soled Waste Management.pdf:pdf
      \endverb
      \verb{urlraw}
      \verb http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1444764
      \endverb
      \verb{url}
      \verb http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1444764
      \endverb
    \endentry
    \entry{Karousakis2009}{incollection}{}
      \name{author}{1}{}{%
        {{hash=afac9417fed70af97eb3fbfb8d77705e}{%
           family={Karousakis},
           familyi={K\bibinitperiod},
           given={Katia},
           giveni={K\bibinitperiod}}}%
      }
      \name{editor}{2}{}{%
        {{hash=236361bcf70996c2f4180606d3888580}{%
           family={Mazzanti},
           familyi={M\bibinitperiod},
           given={Massimiliano},
           giveni={M\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=8ee13802947ce3085ef0c71b60181ce8}{%
           family={Montini},
           familyi={M\bibinitperiod},
           given={Anna},
           giveni={A\bibinitperiod}}}%
      }
      \list{location}{1}{%
        {Abingdon, UK}%
      }
      \list{publisher}{1}{%
        {Routledge}%
      }
      \strng{namehash}{afac9417fed70af97eb3fbfb8d77705e}
      \strng{fullhash}{afac9417fed70af97eb3fbfb8d77705e}
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      \field{labeltitlesource}{title}
      \field{booktitle}{Waste and Environmental Policy}
      \field{chapter}{4}
      \field{edition}{1}
      \field{issn}{1134046529}
      \field{title}{{The drivers of MSW generation, disposal and recycling: Examining OECD inter-country differences}}
      \field{year}{2009}
      \field{pages}{91\bibrangedash 104}
      \range{pages}{14}
      \verb{doi}
      \verb 10.4324/9780203881378
      \endverb
      \verb{file}
      \verb :C$\backslash$:/Users/langk/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Karousakis - 2009 - The drivers of MSW generation, disposal and recycling Examining OECD inter-country differences.pdf:pdf
      \endverb
    \endentry
    \entry{IPCC2014}{book}{}
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        {{hash=676f7b9b8e5bb30500c01e2385e59174}{%
           family={IPCC},
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      }
      \list{location}{1}{%
        {Geneva, Switzerland}%
      }
      \list{publisher}{1}{%
        {IPCC}%
      }
      \strng{namehash}{676f7b9b8e5bb30500c01e2385e59174}
      \strng{fullhash}{676f7b9b8e5bb30500c01e2385e59174}
      \strng{bibnamehash}{676f7b9b8e5bb30500c01e2385e59174}
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      \field{abstract}{The Synthesis Report (SYR), constituting the final product of the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), is published under the title Climate Change 2014. This report distils, synthesizes and integrates the key findings of the three Working Group contributions – The Physical Science Basis, Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability and Mitigation of Climate Change – to the AR5 in a concise document for the benefit of decision makers in the government, the private sector as well as the public at large. The SYR also draws on the findings of the two Special Reports brought out in 2011 dealing with Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation, and Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation. The SYR, therefore, is a comprehensive up-to-date compilation of assessments dealing with climate change, based on the most recent scientific, technical and socio-economic literature in the field.}
      \field{booktitle}{Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change}
      \field{eprinttype}{arXiv}
      \field{issn}{1476-4687}
      \field{title}{{Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report}}
      \field{year}{2014}
      \field{pages}{1\bibrangedash 151}
      \range{pages}{151}
      \verb{doi}
      \verb 10.1017/CBO9781107415324
      \endverb
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      \verb arXiv:1011.1669v3
      \endverb
      \verb{file}
      \verb :C$\backslash$:/Users/langk/Documents/Studium/DZ/MA/docs/IPCC{\_}AR5{\_}FINAL{\_}full{\_}wcover.pdf:pdf
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    \endentry
    \entry{Hoornweg2015}{article}{}
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        {{hash=5d0e8073b917608b03664ef996f058c6}{%
           family={Hoornweg},
           familyi={H\bibinitperiod},
           given={Daniel},
           giveni={D\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=b53b61adfe1e09e19908b2ebf36df379}{%
           family={Bhada-Tata},
           familyi={B\bibinithyphendelim T\bibinitperiod},
           given={Perinaz},
           giveni={P\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=bc94f2390d66eb60cfb8b4250e6abf85}{%
           family={Kennedy},
           familyi={K\bibinitperiod},
           given={Christopher},
           giveni={C\bibinitperiod}}}%
      }
      \strng{namehash}{e052619b3bab5df5300004f0f3c41351}
      \strng{fullhash}{e052619b3bab5df5300004f0f3c41351}
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      \strng{authorbibnamehash}{e052619b3bab5df5300004f0f3c41351}
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      \field{abstract}{Population and per capita gross domestic product (GDP) projections are used to estimate total global municipal solid waste (MSW) generation over the twenty-first century. Some projections for global population suggest that it will peak this century. Waste generation rates per capita generally increase with affluence, although in the most affluent countries there is also a trend toward dematerialization. The confluence of these factors means that at some point in the future total global waste generation could possibly peak. To determine when peak waste might occur, we used the shared-socioeconomic pathway scenarios (used in Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [IPCC] studies) combined with estimates of municipal solid waste (MSW) generation rates, extrapolated from our work for the World Bank. Despite the expectation that total MSW generation in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and high-income countries will peak mid-century, with current trajectories global peak waste is not expected before 2100. The peak could be moved forward to around 2075 and reduced in intensity by some 30{\%} if a more aggressive sustainability growth scenario were followed, rather than the current businessas- usual scenario. Further, the magnitude of peak waste is sensitive to the intensity of waste generation; it could vary from 7.3 to 10.9 megatonnes per day under the sustainability scenario. The timing of peak waste will substantially depend on the development of cities in Sub-Saharan Africa, where population growth rates are more than double the rest of the world.}
      \field{issn}{15309290}
      \field{journaltitle}{Journal of Industrial Ecology}
      \field{number}{1}
      \field{title}{{Peak Waste: When Is It Likely to Occur?}}
      \field{volume}{19}
      \field{year}{2015}
      \field{pages}{117\bibrangedash 128}
      \range{pages}{12}
      \verb{doi}
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      \endverb
      \verb{file}
      \verb :C$\backslash$:/Users/langk/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Hoornweg, Bhada-Tata, Kennedy - 2015 - Peak Waste When Is It Likely to Occur.pdf:pdf
      \endverb
      \keyw{Dematerialization,Global change,Industrial ecology,International environmental policy,Scenario analysis,Waste generation}
    \endentry
    \entry{Waste2015}{report}{}
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        {{hash=b3d16102c7755784ff0177fe2245ce95}{%
           family={{United Nations Environment Programme}},
           familyi={U\bibinitperiod}}}%
      }
      \list{institution}{1}{%
        {United Nations Environment Programme}%
      }
      \list{location}{1}{%
        {Nairobi, Kenya}%
      }
      \strng{namehash}{b3d16102c7755784ff0177fe2245ce95}
      \strng{fullhash}{b3d16102c7755784ff0177fe2245ce95}
      \strng{bibnamehash}{b3d16102c7755784ff0177fe2245ce95}
      \strng{authorbibnamehash}{b3d16102c7755784ff0177fe2245ce95}
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      \strng{authorfullhash}{b3d16102c7755784ff0177fe2245ce95}
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      \field{labelnamesource}{author}
      \field{labeltitlesource}{title}
      \field{isbn}{978-92-807-3479-9}
      \field{title}{{Global Waste Management Outlook}}
      \field{type}{techreport}
      \field{year}{2015}
      \field{pages}{1\bibrangedash 334}
      \range{pages}{334}
      \verb{file}
      \verb :C$\backslash$:/Users/langk/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/United Nations Environment Programme - 2015 - Global Waste Management Outlook.pdf:pdf
      \endverb
    \endentry
    \entry{UnitedNations2018MSWcollected}{misc}{}
      \name{author}{1}{}{%
        {{hash=309e249a98a5be106a0862cfd264d203}{%
           family={{United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs: Statistics Division}},
           familyi={U\bibinitperiod}}}%
      }
      \strng{namehash}{309e249a98a5be106a0862cfd264d203}
      \strng{fullhash}{309e249a98a5be106a0862cfd264d203}
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      \strng{authornamehash}{309e249a98a5be106a0862cfd264d203}
      \strng{authorfullhash}{309e249a98a5be106a0862cfd264d203}
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      \field{sortinithash}{2174f786c6195e7fe2ee1c229b416e29}
      \field{labelnamesource}{author}
      \field{labeltitlesource}{title}
      \field{title}{{Total amount of municipal waste collected}}
      \field{urlday}{6}
      \field{urlmonth}{4}
      \field{urlyear}{2018}
      \field{year}{2018}
      \field{urldateera}{ce}
      \verb{urlraw}
      \verb https://unstats.un.org/unsd/envstats/qindicators.cshtml
      \endverb
      \verb{url}
      \verb https://unstats.un.org/unsd/envstats/qindicators.cshtml
      \endverb
    \endentry
    \entry{UnitedNations2018Pop}{misc}{}
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        {{hash=2084b21df3a89f36618066dd52144582}{%
           family={{United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs: Population Division}},
           familyi={U\bibinitperiod}}}%
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      \strng{namehash}{2084b21df3a89f36618066dd52144582}
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      \field{labelnamesource}{author}
      \field{labeltitlesource}{title}
      \field{annotation}{[Online; accessed 2018-04-06]}
      \field{title}{{World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision}}
      \field{urlday}{6}
      \field{urlmonth}{4}
      \field{urlyear}{2018}
      \field{year}{2014}
      \field{urldateera}{ce}
      \verb{urlraw}
      \verb https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/
      \endverb
      \verb{url}
      \verb https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/
      \endverb
    \endentry
    \entry{UnitedNations2018Urb}{misc}{}
      \name{author}{1}{}{%
        {{hash=2084b21df3a89f36618066dd52144582}{%
           family={{United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs: Population Division}},
           familyi={U\bibinitperiod}}}%
      }
      \strng{namehash}{2084b21df3a89f36618066dd52144582}
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      \field{labeltitlesource}{title}
      \field{annotation}{[Online; accessed 2018-04-06]}
      \field{title}{{World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision}}
      \field{urlday}{6}
      \field{urlmonth}{4}
      \field{urlyear}{2018}
      \field{year}{2014}
      \field{urldateera}{ce}
      \verb{urlraw}
      \verb https://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/
      \endverb
      \verb{url}
      \verb https://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/
      \endverb
    \endentry
    \entry{TheWorldBank2014Young}{misc}{}
      \name{author}{1}{}{%
        {{hash=28e021c3925122ed0baa22b3029a9002}{%
           family={{The World Bank}},
           familyi={T\bibinitperiod}}}%
      }
      \strng{namehash}{28e021c3925122ed0baa22b3029a9002}
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      \field{sortinithash}{2174f786c6195e7fe2ee1c229b416e29}
      \field{labelnamesource}{author}
      \field{labeltitlesource}{title}
      \field{title}{{Population ages 0-14, total}}
      \field{urlday}{6}
      \field{urlmonth}{4}
      \field{urlyear}{2018}
      \field{year}{2014}
      \field{urldateera}{ce}
      \verb{urlraw}
      \verb https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.0014.TO
      \endverb
      \verb{url}
      \verb https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.0014.TO
      \endverb
    \endentry
    \entry{TheWorldBank2018Ele}{misc}{}
      \name{author}{1}{}{%
        {{hash=28e021c3925122ed0baa22b3029a9002}{%
           family={{The World Bank}},
           familyi={T\bibinitperiod}}}%
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      \strng{namehash}{28e021c3925122ed0baa22b3029a9002}
      \strng{fullhash}{28e021c3925122ed0baa22b3029a9002}
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      \field{labelnamesource}{author}
      \field{labeltitlesource}{title}
      \field{title}{{Access to electricity ({\%} of population)}}
      \field{urlday}{6}
      \field{urlmonth}{4}
      \field{urlyear}{2018}
      \field{year}{2018}
      \field{urldateera}{ce}
      \verb{urlraw}
      \verb https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS
      \endverb
      \verb{url}
      \verb https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS
      \endverb
    \endentry
    \entry{TheWorldBank2018GDP}{misc}{}
      \name{author}{1}{}{%
        {{hash=28e021c3925122ed0baa22b3029a9002}{%
           family={{The World Bank}},
           familyi={T\bibinitperiod}}}%
      }
      \strng{namehash}{28e021c3925122ed0baa22b3029a9002}
      \strng{fullhash}{28e021c3925122ed0baa22b3029a9002}
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      \field{labelnamesource}{author}
      \field{labeltitlesource}{title}
      \field{title}{{GDP (current US{\$})}}
      \field{urlday}{6}
      \field{urlmonth}{4}
      \field{urlyear}{2018}
      \field{year}{2018}
      \field{urldateera}{ce}
      \verb{urlraw}
      \verb https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD
      \endverb
      \verb{url}
      \verb https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD
      \endverb
    \endentry
    \entry{TheWorldBank2018Ene}{misc}{}
      \name{author}{1}{}{%
        {{hash=28e021c3925122ed0baa22b3029a9002}{%
           family={{The World Bank}},
           familyi={T\bibinitperiod}}}%
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      \field{sortinithash}{2174f786c6195e7fe2ee1c229b416e29}
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      \field{labeltitlesource}{title}
      \field{title}{{Energy use (kg of oil equivalent per capita)}}
      \field{urlday}{6}
      \field{urlmonth}{4}
      \field{urlyear}{2018}
      \field{year}{2018}
      \field{urldateera}{ce}
      \verb{urlraw}
      \verb https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.USE.PCAP.KG.OE
      \endverb
      \verb{url}
      \verb https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.USE.PCAP.KG.OE
      \endverb
    \endentry
    \entry{TheWorldBank2018GHG}{misc}{}
      \name{author}{1}{}{%
        {{hash=28e021c3925122ed0baa22b3029a9002}{%
           family={{The World Bank}},
           familyi={T\bibinitperiod}}}%
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      \strng{namehash}{28e021c3925122ed0baa22b3029a9002}
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      \field{labelnamesource}{author}
      \field{labeltitlesource}{title}
      \field{title}{{Total greenhouse gas emissions (kt of CO2 equivalent)}}
      \field{urlday}{6}
      \field{urlmonth}{4}
      \field{urlyear}{2018}
      \field{year}{2018}
      \field{urldateera}{ce}
      \verb{urlraw}
      \verb https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.ATM.GHGT.KT.CE
      \endverb
      \verb{url}
      \verb https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.ATM.GHGT.KT.CE
      \endverb
    \endentry
    \entry{UnitedNations2018MSWrecycled}{misc}{}
      \name{author}{1}{}{%
        {{hash=309e249a98a5be106a0862cfd264d203}{%
           family={{United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs: Statistics Division}},
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      \strng{namehash}{309e249a98a5be106a0862cfd264d203}
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      \field{labelnamesource}{author}
      \field{labeltitlesource}{title}
      \field{title}{{Municipal Waste Treatment}}
      \field{urlday}{6}
      \field{urlmonth}{4}
      \field{urlyear}{2018}
      \field{year}{2016}
      \field{urldateera}{ce}
      \verb{urlraw}
      \verb https://unstats.un.org/unsd/envstats/qindicators.cshtml
      \endverb
      \verb{url}
      \verb https://unstats.un.org/unsd/envstats/qindicators.cshtml
      \endverb
    \endentry
    \entry{TheWorldBank2018GNI}{misc}{}
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        {{hash=28e021c3925122ed0baa22b3029a9002}{%
           family={{The World Bank}},
           familyi={T\bibinitperiod}}}%
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      \field{labelnamesource}{author}
      \field{labeltitlesource}{title}
      \field{title}{{GNI (current US{\$})}}
      \field{urlday}{6}
      \field{urlmonth}{4}
      \field{urlyear}{2018}
      \field{year}{2018}
      \field{urldateera}{ce}
      \verb{urlraw}
      \verb https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.MKTP.CD
      \endverb
      \verb{url}
      \verb https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.MKTP.CD
      \endverb
    \endentry
    \entry{UnitedNations2018MSWcollection}{misc}{}
      \name{author}{1}{}{%
        {{hash=309e249a98a5be106a0862cfd264d203}{%
           family={{United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs: Statistics Division}},
           familyi={U\bibinitperiod}}}%
      }
      \strng{namehash}{309e249a98a5be106a0862cfd264d203}
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      \field{abstract}{We evaluate the use of artificial neural networks, particularly the feedforward multilayer perceptron with back-propagation for training (MLP), in ecological modelling and make suggestions on its use. In MLP modelling, there are no assumptions about the underlying form of the data that must be met as in standard statistical techniques. Instead, researchers must clarify the process of modelling, as this is most critical to how the model performs and is interpreted. Overfitting on the data, a potential problem, can be avoided by limiting the complexity of the model and by using techniques such as weight decay, training with noise, and limiting the training of the network. Methods on when to stop training include: (1) early stopping based on cross-validation, (2) stopping after a analyst defined error is reached or after the error levels off, and (3) use of a test data set. The third method is not ideal as the test data set is then not independent of model development and the resulting model may have little generalizability. The importance of an independent data set cannot be overemphasized as we found dramatic differences in model accuracy assessed with prediction accuracy on the training data set, as estimated with bootstrapping, and from use of an independent data set. The comparison of the artificial neural network with a general linear model (GLM) as a standard procedure is recommended because a GLM may perform as well or better than the MLP. In such cases, there are no interactions or non-linear terms that need to be modelled and it will save time to use the GLM. Techniques such as sensitivity analyses, input variable relevances, neural interpretation diagrams, randomization tests, and partial derivatives should be used to make MLP models more transparent, and further our ecological understanding, an important goal of the modelling process. Based on our experience we discuss how to build an MLP model and how to optimize the parameters and architecture. The process should be explained explicitly to make the MLP models more readily accepted by the ecological research community at large, as well as to make it possible to replicate the research. {©} 2005.}
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      \field{eprinttype}{arXiv}
      \field{issn}{03043800}
      \field{journaltitle}{Ecological Modelling}
      \field{number}{1-2}
      \field{title}{{Methodological issues in building, training, and testing artificial neural networks in ecological applications}}
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      \field{year}{2006}
      \field{pages}{83\bibrangedash 93}
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      \keyw{Artificial neural networks,Back-propagation,Ecology,Model,Model generalizability,Modelling}
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      \field{abstract}{Training of neural networks using backpropagation, resilient backpropagation with (Riedmiller, 1994) or without weight backtracking (Riedmiller and Braun, 1993) or the modified globally convergent version by Anastasiadis et al. (2005). The package allows flexible settings through custom-choice of error and activation function. Furthermore, the calculation of generalized weights (Intrator O {\&} Intrator N, 1993) is implemented.}
      \field{title}{{Training of neural networks}}
      \field{year}{2016}
      \field{pages}{1\bibrangedash 13}
      \range{pages}{13}
      \verb{file}
      \verb :C$\backslash$:/Users/langk/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Fritsch et al. - 2016 - Training of neural networks.pdf:pdf
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      \verb{urlraw}
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      \verb{url}
      \verb https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/neuralnet/index.html
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    \endentry
    \entry{Breiman2018}{misc}{}
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           family={Breiman},
           familyi={B\bibinitperiod},
           given={Leo},
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        {{hash=ea9492aa5759b3542d9fe2f1d62b3412}{%
           family={Cutler},
           familyi={C\bibinitperiod},
           given={Adele},
           giveni={A\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=ee295e0da4839bf52318f9d0907272db}{%
           family={Liaw},
           familyi={L\bibinitperiod},
           given={Andy},
           giveni={A\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=8151155ab10b2d08911b41d5b729cde4}{%
           family={Wiener},
           familyi={W\bibinitperiod},
           given={Matthew},
           giveni={M\bibinitperiod}}}%
      }
      \strng{namehash}{3a2470c8fd470cc40d886536285a6eb3}
      \strng{fullhash}{3590797e9076bec2932d169a7ea770a4}
      \strng{bibnamehash}{3a2470c8fd470cc40d886536285a6eb3}
      \strng{authorbibnamehash}{3a2470c8fd470cc40d886536285a6eb3}
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      \strng{authorfullhash}{3590797e9076bec2932d169a7ea770a4}
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      \field{abstract}{Classification and regression based on a forest of trees using random inputs, based on Breiman (2001)}
      \field{title}{{Breiman and Cutler's Random Forests for Classification and Regression}}
      \field{year}{2018}
      \field{pages}{1\bibrangedash 29}
      \range{pages}{29}
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      \verb :C$\backslash$:/Users/langk/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Breiman et al. - 2018 - Breiman and Cutler's Random Forests for Classification and Regression.pdf:pdf
      \endverb
      \verb{urlraw}
      \verb https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/randomForest/index.html
      \endverb
      \verb{url}
      \verb https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/randomForest/index.html
      \endverb
    \endentry
    \entry{Svetnik2003}{article}{}
      \name{author}{6}{}{%
        {{hash=f2df7738813c7eaa0ccfee6a87a4d0c3}{%
           family={Svetnik},
           familyi={S\bibinitperiod},
           given={Vladimir},
           giveni={V\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=ee295e0da4839bf52318f9d0907272db}{%
           family={Liaw},
           familyi={L\bibinitperiod},
           given={Andy},
           giveni={A\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=523d990c37c05167f56670b26ea89086}{%
           family={Tong},
           familyi={T\bibinitperiod},
           given={Christopher},
           giveni={C\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=601faa4ac0216f2aefaa74306df4edc3}{%
           family={{Christopher Culberson}},
           familyi={C\bibinitperiod},
           given={J.},
           giveni={J\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=86984409b7fdb80928af6978cd100d48}{%
           family={Sheridan},
           familyi={S\bibinitperiod},
           given={Robert\bibnamedelima P.},
           giveni={R\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim P\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=19c65f5487531e62a35534889f0eb71a}{%
           family={Feuston},
           familyi={F\bibinitperiod},
           given={Bradley\bibnamedelima P.},
           giveni={B\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim P\bibinitperiod}}}%
      }
      \strng{namehash}{43dbd026e78f25318aba83a7a1b4fb7c}
      \strng{fullhash}{153b01a2cb65bfb4a69351a7cf6266ce}
      \strng{bibnamehash}{43dbd026e78f25318aba83a7a1b4fb7c}
      \strng{authorbibnamehash}{43dbd026e78f25318aba83a7a1b4fb7c}
      \strng{authornamehash}{43dbd026e78f25318aba83a7a1b4fb7c}
      \strng{authorfullhash}{153b01a2cb65bfb4a69351a7cf6266ce}
      \field{sortinit}{2}
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      \field{abstract}{A new classification and regression tool, Random Forest, is introduced and investigated for predicting a compound's quantitative or categorical biological activity based on a quantitative description of the compound's molecular structure. Random Forest is an ensemble of unpruned classification or regression trees created by using bootstrap samples of the training data and random feature selection in tree induction. Prediction is made by aggregating (majority vote or averaging) the predictions of the ensemble. We built predictive models for six cheminformatics data sets. Our analysis demonstrates that Random Forest is a powerful tool capable of delivering performance that is among the most accurate methods to date. We also present three additional features of Random Forest: built-in performance assessment, a measure of relative importance of descriptors, and a measure of compound similarity that is weighted by the relative importance of descriptors. It is the combination of relatively high prediction accuracy and its collection of desired features that makes Random Forest uniquely suited for modeling in cheminformatics.}
      \field{issn}{00952338}
      \field{journaltitle}{Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences}
      \field{number}{6}
      \field{title}{{Random Forest: A Classification and Regression Tool for Compound Classification and QSAR Modeling}}
      \field{volume}{43}
      \field{year}{2003}
      \field{pages}{1947\bibrangedash 1958}
      \range{pages}{12}
      \verb{doi}
      \verb 10.1021/ci034160g
      \endverb
      \verb{file}
      \verb :C$\backslash$:/Users/langk/Documents/Studium/Master/MA/Papers/models/Svetnik 2003 - Random Forest.  A Classification and Regression Tool for Compound Classification and QSAR Modeling.pdf:pdf
      \endverb
    \endentry
    \entry{McKinseyCenter2015}{report}{}
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        {{hash=0c15171741596daf348427430b0045fc}{%
           family={{McKinsey Center for Business and Environment}},
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        {{hash=9124858ba845c3a80df7b960e5486c7e}{%
           family={{Ocean Conservancy}},
           familyi={O\bibinitperiod}}}%
      }
      \list{institution}{2}{%
        {McKinsey Center for Business}%
        {Environment}%
      }
      \strng{namehash}{85f7946aa32f8051d806b38fd6268a0a}
      \strng{fullhash}{85f7946aa32f8051d806b38fd6268a0a}
      \strng{bibnamehash}{85f7946aa32f8051d806b38fd6268a0a}
      \strng{authorbibnamehash}{85f7946aa32f8051d806b38fd6268a0a}
      \strng{authornamehash}{85f7946aa32f8051d806b38fd6268a0a}
      \strng{authorfullhash}{85f7946aa32f8051d806b38fd6268a0a}
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      \field{labeltitlesource}{title}
      \field{title}{{Stemming the Tide. Land-based strategies for a plastic - free ocean}}
      \field{type}{techreport}
      \field{year}{2015}
      \field{pages}{1\bibrangedash 48}
      \range{pages}{48}
      \verb{file}
      \verb :C$\backslash$:/Users/langk/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/McKinsey Center for Business and Environment, Ocean Conservancy - 2015 - Stemming the Tide. Land-based strategies for a plastic - free o.pdf:pdf
      \endverb
      \verb{urlraw}
      \verb http://www.oceanconservancy.org/our-work/marine-debris/stop-plastic-trash-2015.html
      \endverb
      \verb{url}
      \verb http://www.oceanconservancy.org/our-work/marine-debris/stop-plastic-trash-2015.html
      \endverb
    \endentry
    \entry{Moret-Ferguson2010}{article}{}
      \name{author}{6}{}{%
        {{hash=9140735314ca05ddd907b4c66374a0e0}{%
           family={Mor{é}t-Ferguson},
           familyi={M\bibinithyphendelim F\bibinitperiod},
           given={Skye},
           giveni={S\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=079891c5d6606d0364a55e31962a31a6}{%
           family={Law},
           familyi={L\bibinitperiod},
           given={Kara\bibnamedelima Lavender},
           giveni={K\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim L\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=77d28a4e4085c8f197cbe87c4e69ec32}{%
           family={Proskurowski},
           familyi={P\bibinitperiod},
           given={Giora},
           giveni={G\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=38340536aff0d6856e62a79e5f735a45}{%
           family={Murphy},
           familyi={M\bibinitperiod},
           given={Ellen\bibnamedelima K.},
           giveni={E\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim K\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=59d3f129a72906f63f3a22733e321ec5}{%
           family={Peacock},
           familyi={P\bibinitperiod},
           given={Emily\bibnamedelima E.},
           giveni={E\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim E\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=a4b5e5ae21e890596d3db3e8b59fe211}{%
           family={Reddy},
           familyi={R\bibinitperiod},
           given={Christopher\bibnamedelima M.},
           giveni={C\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim M\bibinitperiod}}}%
      }
      \strng{namehash}{a9e7286eff9728a7fd78216bbf230250}
      \strng{fullhash}{b834b1283ecd4d6741542c93b0f24c45}
      \strng{bibnamehash}{a9e7286eff9728a7fd78216bbf230250}
      \strng{authorbibnamehash}{a9e7286eff9728a7fd78216bbf230250}
      \strng{authornamehash}{a9e7286eff9728a7fd78216bbf230250}
      \strng{authorfullhash}{b834b1283ecd4d6741542c93b0f24c45}
      \field{sortinit}{2}
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      \field{labelnamesource}{author}
      \field{labeltitlesource}{title}
      \field{abstract}{This study reports the first inventory of physical properties of individual plastic debris in the North Atlantic. We analyzed 748 samples for size, mass, and material composition collected from surface net tows on 11 expeditions from Cape Cod, Massachusetts to the Caribbean Sea between 1991 and 2007. Particles were mostly fragments less than 10mm in size with nearly all lighter than 0.05g. Material densities ranged from 0.808 to 1.24gml-1, with about half between 0.97 and 1.04gml-1, a range not typically found in virgin plastics. Elemental analysis suggests that samples in this density range are consistent with polypropylene and polyethylene whose densities have increased, likely due to biofouling. Pelagic densities varied considerably from that of beach plastic debris, suggesting that plastic particles are modified during their residence at sea. These analyses provide clues in understanding particle fate and potential debris sources, and address ecological implications of pelagic plastic debris. {©} 2010 Elsevier Ltd.}
      \field{eprinttype}{arXiv}
      \field{issn}{0025326X}
      \field{journaltitle}{Marine Pollution Bulletin}
      \field{number}{10}
      \field{title}{{The size, mass, and composition of plastic debris in the western North Atlantic Ocean}}
      \field{volume}{60}
      \field{year}{2010}
      \field{pages}{1873\bibrangedash 1878}
      \range{pages}{6}
      \verb{doi}
      \verb 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.07.020
      \endverb
      \verb{eprint}
      \verb arXiv:1011.1669v3
      \endverb
      \verb{file}
      \verb :C$\backslash$:/Users/langk/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Mor{\'{e}}t-Ferguson et al. - 2010 - The size, mass, and composition of plastic debris in the western North Atlantic Ocean.pdf:pdf
      \endverb
      \keyw{Atlantic Ocean,Latitudinal,Marine pollution,Neuston,Plastic debris,Time series}
    \endentry
    \entry{Hurley2018}{article}{}
      \name{author}{3}{}{%
        {{hash=5370e6f779a7e9d1f0b1e2489f24ae87}{%
           family={Hurley},
           familyi={H\bibinitperiod},
           given={Rachel},
           giveni={R\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=e31f35158010dc7628331067a76cee24}{%
           family={Woodward},
           familyi={W\bibinitperiod},
           given={Jamie},
           giveni={J\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=7a83ffca68f6d6d13f942d1ad9b73509}{%
           family={Rothwell},
           familyi={R\bibinitperiod},
           given={James\bibnamedelima J.},
           giveni={J\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim J\bibinitperiod}}}%
      }
      \strng{namehash}{7ab740b7b19933f2652e44074250273f}
      \strng{fullhash}{7ab740b7b19933f2652e44074250273f}
      \strng{bibnamehash}{7ab740b7b19933f2652e44074250273f}
      \strng{authorbibnamehash}{7ab740b7b19933f2652e44074250273f}
      \strng{authornamehash}{7ab740b7b19933f2652e44074250273f}
      \strng{authorfullhash}{7ab740b7b19933f2652e44074250273f}
      \field{sortinit}{2}
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      \field{labelnamesource}{author}
      \field{labeltitlesource}{title}
      \field{abstract}{Microplastic contamination of the oceans is one of the world's most pressing environmental concerns. The terrestrial component of the global microplastic budget is not well understood because sources, stores and fluxes are poorly quantified. We report catchment-wide patterns of microplastic contamination, classified by type, size and density, in channel bed sediments at 40 sites across urban, suburban and rural river catchments in northwest England. Microplastic contamination was pervasive on all river channel beds. We found multiple urban contamination hotspots with a maximum microplastic concentration of approximately 517,000 particles m−2. After a period of severe flooding in winter 2015/16, all sites were resampled. Microplastic concentrations had fallen at 28 sites and 18 saw a decrease of one order of magnitude. The flooding exported approximately 70{\%} of the microplastic load stored on these river beds (equivalent to 0.85 ± 0.27 tonnes or 43 ± 14 billion particles) and eradicated microbead contamination at 7 sites. We conclude that microplastic contamination is efficiently flushed from river catchments during flooding.}
      \field{issn}{17520908}
      \field{journaltitle}{Nature Geoscience}
      \field{title}{{Microplastic contamination of river beds significantly reduced by catchment-wide flooding}}
      \field{volume}{11}
      \field{year}{2018}
      \field{pages}{251\bibrangedash 257}
      \range{pages}{7}
      \verb{doi}
      \verb 10.1038/s41561-018-0080-1
      \endverb
      \verb{file}
      \verb :C$\backslash$:/Users/langk/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Hurley, Woodward, Rothwell - 2018 - Microplastic contamination of river beds significantly reduced by catchment-wide flooding(2).pdf:pdf
      \endverb
    \endentry
    \entry{Lange2017}{article}{}
      \name{author}{2}{}{%
        {{hash=118db22040057f5c18be05652e4cd362}{%
           family={Lange},
           familyi={L\bibinitperiod},
           given={Michael},
           giveni={M\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=b51088a7838964899eda1fc4321d403d}{%
           family={Sebille},
           familyi={S\bibinitperiod},
           given={Erik\bibnamedelima Van},
           giveni={E\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim V\bibinitperiod}}}%
      }
      \strng{namehash}{bf2faeb3fe45e81990509355bf9f4d42}
      \strng{fullhash}{bf2faeb3fe45e81990509355bf9f4d42}
      \strng{bibnamehash}{bf2faeb3fe45e81990509355bf9f4d42}
      \strng{authorbibnamehash}{bf2faeb3fe45e81990509355bf9f4d42}
      \strng{authornamehash}{bf2faeb3fe45e81990509355bf9f4d42}
      \strng{authorfullhash}{bf2faeb3fe45e81990509355bf9f4d42}
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      \field{labeltitlesource}{title}
      \field{abstract}{As Ocean General Circulation Models (OGCMs) move into the petascale age, where the output from global high-resolution model runs can be of the order of hundreds of terabytes in size, tools to analyse the output of these models will need to scale up too. Lagrangian Ocean Analysis, where virtual particles are tracked through hydrodynamic fields, is an increasingly popular way to analyse OGCM output, by mapping pathways and connectivity of biotic and abiotic particulates. However, the current software stack of Lagrangian Ocean Analysis codes is not dynamic enough to cope with the increasing complexity, scale and need for customisation of use-cases. Furthermore, most community codes are developed for stand-alone use, making it a nontrivial task to integrate virtual particles at runtime of the OGCM. Here, we introduce the new Parcels code, which was designed from the ground up to be sufficiently scalable to cope with petascale computing. We highlight its API design that combines flexibility and customisation with the ability to optimise for HPC workflows, following the paradigm of domain-specific languages. Parcels is primarily written in Python, utilising the wide range of tools available in the scientific Python ecosystem, while generating low-level C-code and using Just-In-Time compilation for performance-critical computation. We show a worked-out example of its API, and validate the accuracy of the code against seven idealised test cases. This version{\~{}}0.9 of Parcels is focussed on laying out the API, with future work concentrating on optimisation, efficiency and at-runtime coupling with OGCMs.}
      \field{eprinttype}{arXiv}
      \field{issn}{19919603}
      \field{journaltitle}{Geoscientific Model Development}
      \field{number}{11}
      \field{title}{{Parcels v0.9: Prototyping a Lagrangian ocean analysis framework for the petascale age}}
      \field{volume}{10}
      \field{year}{2017}
      \field{pages}{4175\bibrangedash 4186}
      \range{pages}{12}
      \verb{doi}
      \verb 10.5194/gmd-10-4175-2017
      \endverb
      \verb{eprint}
      \verb 1707.05163
      \endverb
      \verb{file}
      \verb :C$\backslash$:/Users/langk/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Lange, Sebille - 2017 - Parcels v0.9 Prototyping a Lagrangian ocean analysis framework for the petascale age.pdf:pdf
      \endverb
    \endentry
    \entry{Ripley2018}{misc}{}
      \name{author}{6}{}{%
        {{hash=9f9d654283f80c9c7890f4a86fd8a47a}{%
           family={Ripley},
           familyi={R\bibinitperiod},
           given={Brian},
           giveni={B\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=3bc0c29fc5033e0113033c89b3754df8}{%
           family={Venables},
           familyi={V\bibinitperiod},
           given={Bill},
           giveni={B\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=5a69126043d127c54c7da707d3cc881e}{%
           family={Bates},
           familyi={B\bibinitperiod},
           given={Douglas\bibnamedelima M},
           giveni={D\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim M\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=bec8dd1340457a82c21b54971e4c9417}{%
           family={Hornik},
           familyi={H\bibinitperiod},
           given={Kurt},
           giveni={K\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=2ac243a10842927aeecb21b6d263d4e2}{%
           family={Gebhard},
           familyi={G\bibinitperiod},
           given={Albrecht},
           giveni={A\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=83bd34bb6266c52d0791aef76d308276}{%
           family={Firth},
           familyi={F\bibinitperiod},
           given={David},
           giveni={D\bibinitperiod}}}%
      }
      \strng{namehash}{558d0e9ec848be9fd06e23c1ac8fe2d7}
      \strng{fullhash}{e30e9a5aeded5fa6fccc656c1d5d6483}
      \strng{bibnamehash}{558d0e9ec848be9fd06e23c1ac8fe2d7}
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      \field{title}{{Support Functions and Datasets for Venables and Pipley's MASS}}
      \field{year}{2018}
      \field{pages}{1\bibrangedash 169}
      \range{pages}{169}
      \verb{file}
      \verb :C$\backslash$:/Users/langk/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Ripley et al. - 2018 - Support Functions and Datasets for Venables and Pipley's MASS.pdf:pdf
      \endverb
      \verb{urlraw}
      \verb https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/MASS/index.html
      \endverb
      \verb{url}
      \verb https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/MASS/index.html
      \endverb
    \endentry
    \entry{Kaza2018}{report}{}
      \name{author}{4}{}{%
        {{hash=10160f41e48b7ecf7233cf4a7bc1b6cc}{%
           family={Kaza},
           familyi={K\bibinitperiod},
           given={Silpa},
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        {{hash=75438de7a8ef0fc9a8a0ada83c06d5da}{%
           family={Yao},
           familyi={Y\bibinitperiod},
           given={Lisa},
           giveni={L\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=b53b61adfe1e09e19908b2ebf36df379}{%
           family={Bhada-Tata},
           familyi={B\bibinithyphendelim T\bibinitperiod},
           given={Perinaz},
           giveni={P\bibinitperiod}}}%
        {{hash=f17cce641a5fd6ebbbe1c5ceea12fd33}{%
           family={{Van Woerden}},
           familyi={V\bibinitperiod},
           given={Frank},
           giveni={F\bibinitperiod}}}%
      }
      \list{institution}{1}{%
        {The World Bank}%
      }
      \list{location}{1}{%
        {Washington DC}%
      }
      \strng{namehash}{b4b233a7f35d274f38b58b9a9c597237}
      \strng{fullhash}{bc6afdd8b3e652cdf6ee83482b4c1b72}
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      \field{abstract}{International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank Cita “Kaza, Silpa; Yao, Lisa C.; Bhada-Tata, Perinaz; Van Woerden, Frank. 2018. What A Waste 2.0 : A Global Snapshot on Solid Waste Management to 2050. Urban Development;. Washington, DC: World Bank. {©} World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/30317 License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.” By 2050, the world is expected to generate 3.40 billion tonnes of waste annually, increasing drastically from today's 2.01 billion tonnes. What a Waste presents national and urban waste management data from around the world and highlights the need for urgent action. The publication provides a snapshot on how waste generation and management varies across income levels and regions, and shares good practices globally. Solid waste management is one of the most important urban services, yet it is complex and expensive, accounting for approximately 20{\%} of municipal budgets in low-income countries and 10{\%} of municipal budgets in high-income countries. Costly and complex waste operations must compete for funding with other priorities such as clean water and other utilities, education, and healthcare. Waste management is often managed by local authorities with limited resources and limited capacities in planning, contract management and operational monitoring. These factors make sustainable waste management a complicated proposition on the path of economic development and most low and middle-income countries and their cities are struggling to address the challenges. Waste management data is critical to creating policy and planning for the local context. Understanding how much waste is generated—especially with rapid urbanization and population growth—as well as the types of waste being generated allows for local governments to select appropriate management methods and plan for future demand. It allows governments to design a system with a suitable number of vehicles, establish efficient routes, set targets for diversion of waste, track progress, and adapt as consumption patterns change. With accurate data, governments can realistically allocate budget and land, assess relevant technologies, and consider strategic partners for service provision such as the private sector or non-governmental organizations. The publication strives to provide the latest and most realistic information available to empower citizens and governments around the world to take action and address the pressing global crisis of waste.}
      \field{number}{Urban Development Series}
      \field{title}{{What A Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot on Solid Waste Management to 2050.}}
      \field{type}{techreport}
      \field{year}{2018}
      \field{pages}{1\bibrangedash 296}
      \range{pages}{296}
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      \verb :C$\backslash$:/Users/langk/Documents/Studium/Master/MA/Papers/What a waste 2.0.pdf:pdf
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      \field{title}{{Waste Shipment}}
      \field{urlday}{12}
      \field{urlmonth}{9}
      \field{urlyear}{2018}
      \field{year}{2015}
      \field{urldateera}{ce}
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      \verb http://ec.europa.eu/trade/import-and-export-rules/export-from-eu/waste-shipment/
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      \verb http://ec.europa.eu/trade/import-and-export-rules/export-from-eu/waste-shipment/
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    \entry{EllenMacArthurFoundation2016}{report}{}
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        {{hash=e5b5cd077f0d6be1b61c1f3e73c4ef0d}{%
           family={{Ellen MacArthur Foundation}},
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           family={{World Economic Forum}},
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        {{hash=a3c420f71f21aeac48a9a53945a215ea}{%
           family={{McKinsey {\&} Company}},
           familyi={M\bibinitperiod}}}%
      }
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        {Ellen MacArthur Foundation}%
      }
      \list{location}{1}{%
        {Davos, Switzerland}%
      }
      \strng{namehash}{39c23a6e5dafa51720a22ccc9bc3d119}
      \strng{fullhash}{39c23a6e5dafa51720a22ccc9bc3d119}
      \strng{bibnamehash}{39c23a6e5dafa51720a22ccc9bc3d119}
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      \field{abstract}{Plastics have become the ubiquitous workhorse material of the modern economy — combining unrivalled functional properties with low cost. Their use has increased twenty-fold in the past half-century and is expected to double again in the next 20 years. Today nearly everyone, everywhere, every day comes into contact with plastics — especially plastic packaging, the focus of this report. While delivering many benefits, the current plastics economy has drawbacks that are becoming more apparent by the day. After a short first-use cycle, 95{\%} of plastic packaging material value, or USD 80–120 billion annually, is lost to the economy. A staggering 32{\%} of plastic packaging escapes collection systems, generating significant economic costs by reducing the productivity of vital natural systems such as the ocean and clogging urban infrastructure. The cost of such after-use externalities for plastic packaging, plus the cost associated with greenhouse gas emissions from its production, is conservatively estimated at USD 40 billion annually — exceeding the plastic packaging industry's profit pool. In future, these costs will have to be covered. In overcoming these drawbacks, an opportunity beckons: enhancing system effectiveness to achieve better economic and environmental outcomes while continuing to harness the many benefits of plastic packaging. The ‘New Plastics Economy' offers a new vision, aligned with the principles of the circular economy, to capture these opportunities.}
      \field{issn}{10980121}
      \field{title}{{The New Plastics Economy: Rethinking the future of plastics}}
      \field{type}{techreport}
      \field{year}{2016}
      \field{pages}{1\bibrangedash 36}
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      \field{title}{{Plastics – the Facts 2016}}
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      \field{year}{2016}
      \field{pages}{1\bibrangedash 38}
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           family={PlasticsEurope},
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      \field{title}{{Plastics – the Facts 2017}}
      \field{type}{techreport}
      \field{year}{2017}
      \field{pages}{1\bibrangedash 44}
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      \verb :C$\backslash$:/Users/langk/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/PlasticsEurope - 2017 - Plastics – the Facts 2017.pdf:pdf
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  \enddatalist
\endrefsection
\endinput

